标题： 类星体外流的物理性质与物理属性 显示英文标题

标题： The Physics and Physical Properties of Quasar Outflows

摘要： 我们描述了两项旨在表征宽吸收线（BAL）喷流的总柱密度、动能和加速物理过程的研究。 第一项研究利用了7个极端高速（0.1c至0.2c）具有小规模BAL的类星体的新Chandra X射线和地面帧UV观测数据，以测试是否需要强烈的辐射屏蔽来缓解小规模BAL的电离，并促进它们加速到极端速度。我们发现X射线吸收较弱或不存在，通常N_H < 几 x 10^22 mc^-2，并且辐射屏蔽并不重要。我们认为小规模BAL的电离实际上是由气体密度约为n_H ~ 4 x 10^8 cm^-3的小型喷流亚结构控制的。如果我们保守地假设小规模BAL气体的总列密度N_H < 10^22 cm^-2，并覆盖我们视线上的UV连续源的>15%（基于测量的线深度），那么这些喷流的径向厚度仅为Delta_R < 3 x 10^13 cm，而横向尺寸则> 8 x 10^15 cm。因此，喷流区域呈现出非常薄的“饼状”形状，从正面看，或者像稀疏云团喷洒一样占据较大的体积，但体积填充因子极小。我们推测这种状况（无效屏蔽和小而密集的喷流亚结构）适用于大多数类星体喷流，包括BAL。 我们的第二项研究集中在低丰度离子的BAL，主要是PV 1118,1128 A，其显著强度表明大的列密度N_H > 10^22 cm^-2，这进一步挑战了喷流加速模型。尽管在Ly-alpha森林中找到这条线存在困难，但在SDSS DR9类星体目录中搜索发现了>50个z>2.3的强PV BAL源，我们现在正在使用这些源来表征高列密度喷流的一般性质。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We describe two studies designed to characterize the total column densities, kinetic energies, and acceleration physics of broad absorption line (BAL) outflows in quasars. The first study uses new Chandra X-ray and ground-based rest-frame UV observations of 7 quasars with mini-BALs at extreme high speeds, in the range 0.1c to 0.2c, to test the idea that strong radiative shielding is needed to moderate the mini-BAL ionizations and facilitate their acceleration to extreme speeds. We find that the X-ray absorption is weak or absent, with generally N_H < few x 10^22 mc^-2, and that radiative shielding is not important. We argue that the mini-BAL ionizations are controlled, instead, by high gas densities of order n_H ~ 4 x 10^8 cm^-3 in small outflow substructures. If we conservatively assume that the total column density in the mini-BAL gas is N_H < 10^22 cm^-2, covering >15% of the UV continuum source along our lines of sight (based on measured line depths), then the radial thickness of these outflows is only Delta_R < 3 x 10^13 cm and their transverse size is > 8 x 10^15 cm. Thus the outflow regions have the shape of very thin "pancakes" viewed face-on, or they occupy larger volumes like a spray of dense cloudlets with a very small volume filling factor. We speculate that this situation (with ineffective shielding and small dense outflow substructures) applies to most quasar outflows, including BALs. Our second study focuses from BALs of low-abundance ions, mainly PV 1118,1128 A, whose significant strengths imply large column densities, N_H > 10^22 cm^-2, that can further challenge models of the outflow acceleration. In spite of the difficulties of finding this line in the Ly-alpha forest, a search through the SDSS DR9 quasar catalog reveals >50 BAL sources at redshifts z>2.3 with strong PV BALs, which we are now using to characterize the general properties of high-column outflows.