标题： 麦克斯韦的宏观方程，能量动量假设，以及洛伦兹力定律 显示英文标题

标题： Maxwell's macroscopic equations, the energy-momentum postulates, and the Lorentz law of force

摘要： 我们主张经典电磁理论是基于麦克斯韦的宏观方程、一个能量假设、一个动量假设以及洛伦兹力定律的一种广义形式。 这七个假设构成了一个完整且一致的理论基础，从而消除了对极化P和磁化M的实际（即物理）模型的需求，这些是麦克斯韦宏观方程的显著特征。 在所提出的公式中，P(r,t)和M(r,t)是空间和时间的任意函数，它们的物理特性被嵌入到该理论的七个假设中。 这些假设是自洽的，符合狭义相对论的要求，并满足能量、线动量和角动量的守恒定律。 所提出公式的优点之一是通过简单地“分配”电磁场的阿布拉罕动量密度E(r,t) x H(r,t)/c^2来避开围绕材料介质内电磁动量的长期存在的阿布拉罕-米歇尔森争议。 这种明确界定的动量因此被认为是普遍的，因为它不依赖于场是传播的还是倏逝的，也不依赖于宿主介质是否是均匀的、透明的、各向同性的、色散的、磁性的、线性的等。 换句话说，局部和瞬时的动量密度在材料系统的每一个点上都唯一且明确地由该点处的E和H场来指定。 封闭系统总电磁动量随时间的变化会根据广义的洛伦兹定律在系统内的材料介质上产生一个力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We argue that the classical theory of electromagnetism is based on Maxwell's macroscopic equations, an energy postulate, a momentum postulate, and a generalized form of the Lorentz law of force. These seven postulates constitute the foundation of a complete and consistent theory, thus eliminating the need for actual (i.e., physical) models of polarization P and magnetization M, these being the distinguishing features of Maxwell's macroscopic equations. In the proposed formulation, P(r,t) and M(r,t) are arbitrary functions of space and time, their physical properties being embedded in the seven postulates of the theory. The postulates are self-consistent, comply with the requirements of the special theory of relativity, and satisfy the laws of conservation of energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum. One advantage of the proposed formulation is that it side-steps the long-standing Abraham-Minkowski controversy surrounding the electromagnetic momentum inside a material medium by simply "assigning" the Abraham momentum density E(r,t) x H(r,t)/c^2 to the electromagnetic field. This well-defined momentum is thus taken to be universal as it does not depend on whether the field is propagating or evanescent, and whether or not the host medium is homogeneous, transparent, isotropic, dispersive, magnetic, linear, etc. In other words, the local and instantaneous momentum density is uniquely and unambiguously specified at each and every point of the material system in terms of the E and H fields residing at that point. Any variation with time of the total electromagnetic momentum of a closed system results in a force exerted on the material media within the system in accordance with the generalized Lorentz law.