标题： 黑洞系统的X射线耀发的普遍行为 显示英文标题

标题： Universal Behavior of X-ray Flares from Black Hole Systems

摘要： 在黑洞系统中发现了 X 射线耀发，例如伽马射线暴、潮汐瓦解事件 Swift J1644+57、银河系中心的超大质量黑洞人马座 A*$^*$以及一些活动星系核。 它们的发生总是伴随着相对论喷流。 然而，尚不清楚在跨越九个数量级质量的黑洞系统中产生的这些 X 射线耀发之间是否存在物理类比。 在这里，我们报告了 X 射线耀发的观测数据，并表明它们具有三个与太阳耀斑相似的统计特性，包括能量、持续时间和等待时间的幂律分布，这些都可以由分形扩散自组织临界模型解释。 这些统计相似性，加上太阳耀斑是由磁重联过程触发的事实，表明所有 X 射线耀发都符合磁重联事件，这意味着它们伴随的相对论喷流可能是磁主导的。 显示英文摘要

摘要： X-ray flares have been discovered in black hole systems, such as gamma-ray bursts, the tidal disruption event Swift J1644+57, the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A$^*$ at the center of our Galaxy, and some active galactic nuclei. Their occurrences are always companied by relativistic jets. However, it is still unknown whether there is a physical analogy among such X-ray flares produced in black hole systems spanning nine orders of magnitude in mass. Here we report the observed data of X-ray flares, and show that they have three statistical properties similar to solar flares, including power-law distributions of energies, durations, and waiting times, which both can be explained by a fractal-diffusive self-organized criticality model. These statistical similarities, together with the fact that solar flares are triggered by a magnetic reconnection process, suggest that all of the X-ray flares are consistent with magnetic reconnection events, implying that their concomitant relativistic jets may be magnetically dominated.