标题： 激光操作和玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚：类比与差异 显示英文标题

标题： Laser operation and Bose-Einstein condensation: analogies and differences

摘要： 在回顾了激光操作作为非平衡玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚相变的解释后，我们展示了最近实验中观察到的光子和极化子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的非平衡性质所带来的新特性。 然后，我们提出了一种定量标准，以实验评估特定凝聚过程的平衡与非平衡性质，该标准基于涨落-耗散关系。 该标准的效力通过两个表现出非常不同行为的模型进行了说明。 显示英文摘要

摘要： After reviewing the interpretation of laser operation as a non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation phase transition, we illustrate the novel features arising from the non-equilibrium nature of photon and polariton Bose-Einstein condensates recently observed in experiments. We then proposea quantitative criterion to experimentally assess the equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium nature of a specific condensation process, based on fluctuation-dissipation relations. The power of this criterion is illustrated on two models which shows very different behaviours.