标题： 选举稳定性和刚性 显示英文标题

标题： Electoral Stability and Rigidity

摘要： 一些人认为，通过两党制可以最好地实现政治稳定。 这项研究反驳了这一观点。 作者从数学上定义了由任意数量选民和政党组成的选举系统的稳定性和刚性。 事实上，稳定性是选民数量的函数——即桌面上占据的席位数。 随着选民数量的增加，选民群体的特性被越来越充分地解析，并且越来越能用最不极端的选民群体的特性来描述——也就是说，最接近平衡的选民群体。 此外，选举刚性是政党数量及其代表性概率的函数。 一个绝对刚性的系统不允许任何波动——无论对一个选民发生什么，都会发生在所有选民身上。 随着政党数量的增加，党派路线的数量也随之增加，随之而来的则是应对外部刺激的替代方案数量的增加。 在重视政党忠诚度的社会体系中，刚性具有重要意义。 总之，(i) 选举稳定性的最佳方式是增加选民数量；(ii) 选举刚性的最佳方式是减少政党数量，并通过牺牲其他政党的代表权来增加某些政党的代表权；以及 (iii) 政府分支越不稳定，就越关注那些将为人民担任这些职务的人。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Some argue that political stability is best served through a two-party system. This study refutes this. The author mathematically defines the stability and rigidity of electoral systems comprised of any quantity of electors and parties. In fact, stability is a function of the quantity of electors - i.e., the number of occupied seats at the table. As the number of electors increases, the properties of an electorate are increasingly well resolved, and well described by those of an electorate that is least excessive -- that is to say an electorate that is closest to equilibrium. Further, electoral rigidity is a function of the quantity of parties and their probabilities of representation. An absolutely rigid system admits no fluctuations -- whatever happens to one elector will happen to all electors. As the quantity of parties increases so does the number of party lines, and with it the quantity of alternatives with which to respond to an external stimulus. Rigidity is significant in a social system that places high value on party loyalty. In conclusion, (i) electoral stability is best served by increasing the quantity of electors; (ii) electoral rigidity is best served by decreasing the quantity of parties, and by increasing the representation of some parties at the expense of others; and (iii) the less stable a branch of government, the more concern is placed on those who would hold those offices for the people.