标题： 结构化种群中的固定概率和固定时间 显示英文标题

标题： Fixation probability and fixation time in structured populations

摘要： 生物进化速率取决于新突变体的固定概率和固定时间。 大量研究集中在识别能够增强有利突变体固定概率的种群结构上。 但这些“自然选择的放大器”通常会增加固定时间。 在这里，我们研究了在高固定概率和短固定时间之间取得权衡的种群结构。 首先，我们证明了没有任何放大器的吸收时间可以比均质种群的吸收时间更小。 然后，我们设计了种群结构，这些结构仅略微增加固定时间就能显著增强固定概率。 最后，我们表明，只要有利突变体生成的速率相对较低，这些结构就能比均质种群实现更高的有效进化速率。 我们的工作揭示了种群结构如何影响进化速率。 此外，我们的结构可能在基于实验室的、医学的或工业的进化优化应用中很有用。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The rate of biological evolution depends on the fixation probability and on the fixation time of new mutants. Intensive research has focused on identifying population structures that augment the fixation probability of advantageous mutants. But these `amplifiers of natural selection' typically increase fixation time. Here we study population structures that achieve a trade-off between high fixation probability and short fixation time. First, we show that no amplifiers can have asymptotically lower absorption time than the well-mixed population. Then we design population structures that substantially augment the fixation probability with just a minor increase in fixation time. Finally, we show that those structures enable higher effective rate of evolution than the well-mixed population provided that the rate of generating advantageous mutants is relatively low. Our work sheds light on how population structure affects the rate of evolution. Moreover, our structures could be useful for lab-based, medical or industrial applications of evolutionary optimization.