标题： 关于通过空气簇射测试和测量强子相互作用特性的报告 显示英文标题

标题： Report on Tests and Measurements of Hadronic Interaction Properties with Air Showers

摘要： 我们总结了近期对空气簇射中强子相互作用特性的测试和测量。 本报告特别关注μ子密度的测量。 几个实验报告称，在广延空气簇射中模拟的和记录的μ子密度之间存在偏差，而其他实验则未发现差异。 我们将八个主要空气簇射实验的数据结合起来，覆盖从PeV到数十EeV的簇射能量。 数据使用z尺度进行结合，z尺度是基于模拟空气簇射的统一参考尺度。 各实验的能量尺度进行了交叉校准。 在10 PeV以上，对于所考虑的六个强子相互作用模型，我们发现模拟空气簇射中存在μ子不足。 这种不足随着簇射能量的增加而增加。 对于模型EPOS-LHC和QGSJet-II.04，斜率在8 sigma水平上显著。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We present a summary of recent tests and measurements of hadronic interaction properties with air showers. This report has a special focus on muon density measurements. Several experiments reported deviations between simulated and recorded muon densities in extensive air showers, while others reported no discrepancies. We combine data from eight leading air shower experiments to cover shower energies from PeV to tens of EeV. Data are combined using the z-scale, a unified reference scale based on simulated air showers. Energy-scales of experiments are cross-calibrated. Above 10 PeV, we find a muon deficit in simulated air showers for each of the six considered hadronic interaction models. The deficit is increasing with shower energy. For the models EPOS-LHC and QGSJet-II.04, the slope is found significant at 8 sigma.