标题： 揭示原子核中新的夸克和胶子效应 显示英文标题

标题： Exposing Novel Quark and Gluon Effects in Nuclei

摘要： 强相互作用的基本理论——量子色动力学（QCD）——提供了描述和理解原子核关键性质的基础框架。然而，对夸克和胶子在原子核中具体作用的深入理解仍然难以实现，因为这些效应到目前为止一直被QCD中的禁闭效应所掩盖，而这些效应可以通过有效强子自由度的描述成功地加以概括。EMC效应的观察为原子核中的显式QCD效应提供了持久的证据，并指向了核介质中结合质子和中子的介质修改。理解EMC效应是现代核物理的一大挑战，仍存在一些关键问题，例如理解其味、自旋和动量依赖性。本文提供了我们对QCD在原子核中作用的当代概述，并提出了可能的实验和理论途径，以帮助在QCD背景下加深对原子核的理解。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The fundamental theory of the strong interaction -- quantum chromodynamics (QCD) -- provides the foundational framework with which to describe and understand the key properties of atomic nuclei. A deep understanding of the explicit role of quarks and gluons in nuclei remains elusive however, as these effects have thus far been well-disguised by confinement effects in QCD which are encapsulated by a successful description in terms of effective hadronic degrees of freedom. The observation of the EMC effect has provided an enduring indication for explicit QCD effects in nuclei, and points to the medium modification of the bound protons and neutrons in the nuclear medium. Understanding the EMC effect is a major challenge for modern nuclear physics, and several key questions remain, such as understanding its flavor, spin, and momentum dependence. This manuscript provides a contemporary snapshot of our understanding of the role of QCD in nuclei and outlines possible pathways in experiment and theory that will help deepen our understanding of nuclei in the context of QCD.