标题： 暗物质 -- 修改的动力学：反应与预测 显示英文标题

标题： Dark matter -- Modified dynamics: Reaction vs. Prediction

摘要： 暗能量-冷暗物质范式（$\Lambda$CDM）已获得广泛接受，因为它解释了在宇宙微波背景辐射中观测到的各向异性模式、可探测物质中观测到的大尺度不均匀性分布，以及感知到的宇宙整体膨胀历史。 进一步{\it 假定的}是，宇宙暗物质成分在束缚天文系统的尺度上聚集，从而解释了直接可探测（重子）质量与总牛顿动力学质量之间的差异。 在这方面，该范式失败了；它被一种简单的算法——修正牛顿动力学（MOND）——的存在所证伪，该算法不仅解释了天文系统的普遍标度关系，而且还根据观测到的可探测重子物质分布，相当精确地预测了此类物体中的有效引力加速度——所有这些都带有一个具有加速度单位的附加通用参数。 在这个亚哈勃尺度上，暗物质假说本质上是反应性的，而 MOND 则成功地具有预测性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The dark energy-cold dark matter paradigm ($\Lambda$CDM) has gained widespread acceptance because it explains the pattern of anisotropies observed in the cosmic microwave background radiation, the observed distribution of large scale inhomogeneities in detectable matter, and the perceived overall expansion history of the Universe. It is further {\it assumed} that the cosmic dark matter component clusters on the scale of bound astronomical systems and thereby accounts for the observed difference between the directly detectable (baryonic) mass and the total Newtonian dynamical mass. In this respect the paradigm fails; it is falsified by the existence of a simple algorithm, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), which explains, not only general scaling relations for astronomical systems, but quite precisely predicts the effective gravitational acceleration in such objects from the observed distribution of detectable baryonic matter -- all of this with one additional universal parameter having units of acceleration. On this sub-Hubble scale, the dark matter hypothesis is essentially reactive, while MOND is successfully predictive.