标题： 蒙德极小期裸眼太阳黑子观测的应用 显示英文标题

标题： On the use of naked-eye sunspot observations during the Maunder Minimum

摘要： 肉眼太阳黑子观测记录（以下简称NESO）已有两千多年的历史，主要集中在世界各地，尤其是亚洲文明，并被编入多个目录。 在这项工作中，我们分析了19世纪NESO记录的太阳活动日。 我们发现，在这些NESO事件对应的日子中，超过五组太阳黑子群的记录仅占39%。 此外，对于报告NESO的日子里观测到的最大黑子群，我们显示这些黑子群未修正面积低于太阳盘200千万分之一（以下简称msd）的情况占总案例的3.2%，而面积在200至499msd之间的占12.9%。 因此，NESO记录并不一定意味着高太阳活动和大黑子群。 所以，这些结果与最近使用相同NESO集的研究结论相矛盾，后者认为蒙德极小期的太阳活动水平仍然是一个开放问题。 NESO记录支持蒙德极小期是一个非常低的太阳活动时期的观点。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Naked-eye sunspot observations (NESO, hereafter) have been recorded for last two millennia, approximately. This kind of records were made around the world, mainly in Asian civilizations, and they are compiled in several catalogues. In this work, we analyze solar activity in days of the 19th century when NESO were recorded. We found that only more than five sunspot groups were recorded in 39 % of days corresponding to these NESO events. Furthermore, regarding the largest groups observed in days when NESO were reported, we show the uncorrected areas of these groups were below 200 millionths of solar disc (msd hereafter) in 3.2 % of total cases while it is 12.9 % for areas between 200 and 499 msd. Thus, NESO records do not imply high solar activity and big sunspot groups necessarily. Therefore, these results contradict the interpretations of recent works that, using the same NESO set, suggest the solar activity level during the Maunder Minimum is still an open question. NESO records support the Maunder Minimum as a very low solar activity period.