标题： 美国 按性别、种族、民族和出生地划分的长期收入结果 显示英文标题

标题： U.S. Long-Term Earnings Outcomes by Sex, Race, Ethnicity, and Place of Birth

摘要： 本文是全球收入动态项目跨国比较收入不平等、波动性和流动性的组成部分。 使用美国人口普查局纵向雇主-家庭动态（LEHD）基础设施文件的数据，我们为美国生成了一组统一的收入统计数据。从1998年到2019年，我们发现美国的收入不平等有所增加，而波动性则有所下降。 收入不平等增加和波动性减少的结合表明，不同人口统计群体之间的收入增长存在显著差异。 我们通过估计年龄在25至54岁之间的合格工人的12年平均收入来进一步探讨这一问题。 发现劳动力供给（支付的小时数和工作的季度数）几乎解释了工人收入变化的90%，尽管在控制了劳动力供给后，不同人口统计群体之间仍存在大量未解释的收入差异。 使用分位数回归方法，我们估计了每个人口统计群体的反事实收入分布。 我们发现，在收入分布的底部，诸如支付的小时数、地理区域、行业和教育等特征的差异几乎解释了所有的收入差距，然而在中位数以上，特征回报差异的贡献成为主导因素。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This paper is part of the Global Income Dynamics Project cross-country comparison of earnings inequality, volatility, and mobility. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) infrastructure files we produce a uniform set of earnings statistics for the U.S. From 1998 to 2019, we find U.S. earnings inequality has increased and volatility has decreased. The combination of increased inequality and reduced volatility suggest earnings growth differs substantially across different demographic groups. We explore this further by estimating 12-year average earnings for a single cohort of age 25-54 eligible workers. Differences in labor supply (hours paid and quarters worked) are found to explain almost 90% of the variation in worker earnings, although even after controlling for labor supply substantial earnings differences across demographic groups remain unexplained. Using a quantile regression approach, we estimate counterfactual earnings distributions for each demographic group. We find that at the bottom of the earnings distribution differences in characteristics such as hours paid, geographic division, industry, and education explain almost all the earnings gap, however above the median the contribution of the differences in the returns to characteristics becomes the dominant component.