标题： 热力学是基础吗？ 显示英文标题

标题： Is thermodynamics fundamental?

摘要： 在物理学哲学中，普遍的观点是热力学是一种非基本理论。这一观点的动机在于热力学被认为是能够被还原到另一理论（即统计力学）的一个范例性例子。例如，“温度是分子平均动能”这一陈述已成为成功还原的教科书式例子，尽管事实上对于大量系统而言，这一陈述并不正确。本文中，我们捍卫了热力学是一种基本理论的观点，并基于近期物理研究中的四个案例对此进行了论证。我们解释了如何通过熵引力（1）和黑洞热力学（2）作为多重实现问题的案例研究来阻止热力学的还原。此外，我们讨论了相变可还原性的问题，并指出分歧理论（3）允许在有限系统中对“相变”进行热力学层次上的建模。还表明，在Mori-Zwanzig形式主义中推导不可逆输运方程（4），尽管最近有人提出相反的主张，但并不构成热力学到量子力学的还原。最后，我们简要讨论了一些并非基于还原而反对热力学基本性的论点。 显示英文摘要

摘要： It is a common view in philosophy of physics that thermodynamics is a non-fundamental theory. This is motivated in particular by the fact that thermodynamics is considered to be a paradigmatic example for a theory that can be reduced to another one, namely statistical mechanics. For instance, the statement "temperature is mean molecular kinetic energy" has become a textbook example for a successful reduction, despite the fact that this statement is not correct for a large variety of systems. In this article, we defend the view that thermodynamics is a fundamental theory, a position that we justify based on four case studies from recent physical research. We explain how entropic gravity (1) and black hole thermodynamics (2) can serve as case studies for the multiple realizability problem which blocks the reduction of thermodynamics. Moreover, we discuss the problem of the reducibility of phase transitions and argue that bifurcation theory (3) allows the modelling of "phase transitions" on a thermodynamic level even in finite systems. It is also shown that the derivation of irreversible transport equations in the Mori-Zwanzig formalism (4) does not, despite recent claims to the contrary, constitute a reduction of thermodynamics to quantum mechanics. Finally, we briefly discuss some arguments against the fundamentality of thermodynamics that are not based on reduction.