标题： 与引力中的微分同胚不变可观测量和动力学框架：调和体内部局域性与广义协变性的矛盾 显示英文标题

标题： Diffeomorphism-invariant observables and dynamical frames in gravity: reconciling bulk locality with general covariance

摘要： 我们描述了一个完全通用且完全非微扰的框架，用于在广义协变理论中构建动态参考系，并理解它们产生的规范不变可观测量。 我们的方法利用了一个“通用着装空间”，其中包含所有可能的动态参考系作为子集。 我们描述了这样的参考系的例子，包括物质参考系、一种基于边界锚定测地线的流行构造以及一种使用最小曲面的构造——但我们的形式主义不依赖于边界的存在。 我们构建的可观测量类推广并统一了构建引力可观测量的着装和关系方法，包括单积分和规范级数构造。 所有这些（可能具有引力电荷的）关系可观测量在精确的意义上相对于动态参考系描述物理，并尊重基于场之间关系的“关系”局部性概念。 通过使用“关系图册”，即由场依赖映射拼接在一起的动态参考系集合（这些映射本身也是关系可观测量），我们可以在整个时空构造关系局部可观测量。 这进一步建立了一个动态参考系协变的框架，使我们能够在任意关系参考系视角之间进行转换。 关系局部性具有许多理想的性质：我们证明它在体内满足微观因果性（与之前主要在微扰设置中进行的工作相矛盾，我们对此进行了评论），并表明它允许体内的关系局部动力学版本。 因此，关系局部性可能比普通的局部性概念更具有物理意义。 因此，我们的形式主义——我们认为它是广义协变性的更新、规范不变版本——反驳了通常声称的局域引力体内物理不存在的观点。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We describe a completely general and fully non-perturbative framework for constructing dynamical reference frames in generally covariant theories, and for understanding the gauge-invariant observables that they yield. Our approach makes use of a 'universal dressing space', which contains as a subset every possible dynamical frame. We describe examples of such frames, including matter frames, a popular construction based on boundary-anchored geodesics and one using minimal surfaces -- but our formalism does not depend on the existence of a boundary. The class of observables we construct generalises and unifies the dressed and relational approaches to constructing gravitational observables, including single-integral and canonical power-series constructions. All these (possibly gravitationally charged) relational observables describe physics in a precise sense relative to the dynamical frame and respect a notion of 'relational' locality based on the relationships between fields. By using 'relational atlases', i.e. collections of dynamical frames glued together by field-dependent maps (which are relational observables too), we can construct relationally local observables throughout spacetime. This further establishes a framework for dynamical frame covariance that permits us to change between arbitrary relational frame perspectives. Relational locality obeys many desirable properties: we prove that it satisfies microcausality in the bulk (in tension with previous work done mainly in a perturbative setting which we comment on), and show that it permits a relational version of local bulk dynamics. Relational locality is therefore arguably more physically meaningful than the ordinary notion of locality. Thus, our formalism -- which we argue to be an updated, gauge-invariant version of general covariance -- refutes the commonly claimed non-existence of local gravitational bulk physics.