标题： 教育评估 显示英文标题

标题： Assessments in Education

摘要： 标准化测试和教师对学生课堂参与度的评估是大多数教育体系的核心组成部分。 评估结果使学生、家长、教师和学校了解学生的学习进展。 个人利用这些信息调整学习努力并指导课程选择。 学校和教师利用这些信息来评估效果和投入。 评估还用于将学生分到不同的轨道、教育项目以及劳动力市场中。 政策制定者利用评估来奖励或惩罚学校，家长则利用评估结果选择学校。 因此，评估激励个人、教师和学校表现良好。 由于评估在个人教育生涯中起着重要作用，无论是通过信息渠道还是激励渠道，它们对效率、公平和福祉也很重要。 信息渠道对于确保最有效的人力资本投资至关重要：学生了解努力投资的回报和成本，以及他们的能力与比较优势。 然而，由于学生根据评估结果被分到教育项目和劳动力市场中，学生的最优教育投资可能不等于他们最优的人力资本投资，这是由于信号价值的原因。 评估中的偏差以及获取评估的异质性是导致基于性别、出身和社会经济背景的教育不平等的根源。 这些因素对平等和机会有着长期的影响。 最后，由于评估结果对个人的教育机会和劳动力市场有重要的影响，它们也是压力和幸福感降低的来源。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Assessments such as standardized tests and teacher evaluations of students' classroom participation are central elements of most educational systems. Assessments inform the student, parent, teacher, and school about the student learning progress. Individuals use the information to adjust their study efforts and to make guide their course choice. Schools and teachers use the information to evaluate effectiveness and inputs. Assessments are also used to sort students into tracks, educational programmes, and on the labor market. Policymakers use assessments to reward or penalise schools and parents use assessment results to select schools. Consequently, assessments incentivize the individual, the teacher, and the school to do well. Because assessments play an important role in individuals' educational careers, either through the information or the incentive channel, they are also important for efficiency, equity, and well-being. The information channel is important for ensuring the most efficient human capital investments: students learn about the returns and costs of effort investments and about their abilities and comparative advantages. However, because students are sorted into educational programs and on the labor market based on assessment results, students optimal educational investment might not equal their optimal human capital investment because of the signaling value. Biases in assessments and heterogeneity in access to assessments are sources of inequality in education according to gender, origin, and socioeconomic background. These sources have long-running implications for equality and opportunity. Finally, because assessment results also carry important consequences for individuals' educational opportunities and on the labor market, they are a source of stress and reduced well-being.