标题： 天体物理学中的X射线偏振通史 显示英文标题

标题： General History of X-Ray Polarimetry in Astrophysics

摘要： 不久之后首次发现系外X射线源时，就有人提出偏振测量可以作为诊断工具发挥重要作用。由罗伯特·诺维克领导的哥伦比亚大学团队尝试了测量X射线源的偏振。使用45{\deg }布喇格衍射技术成功地利用火箭和OSO-8卫星探测到了蟹状星云的偏振。 在X射线天文学随后的发展中，由于基于光学的成像和光谱技术灵敏度的提高，偏振测量与之不太匹配。因此，再也没有飞行过偏振仪。 在本世纪初，开发了一类基于光电效应的新仪器。在X射线望远镜的焦点处，它们能够进行角度、能量和时间分辨的偏振测量，并且得益于光学技术带来的灵敏度大幅提高。利用这种技术的成像X射线偏振探测器于2021年底发射升空。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Soon after the discovery of the first extrasolar X-Ray sources it was suggested that polarimetry could play a major role as a diagnostic tool. Attempts to measure polarization of X-Ray sources was performed by the team of Columbia University lead by Robert Novick. The technique of Bragg diffraction at 45{\deg} was successful to detect the polarization of the Crab with rockets and with OSO-8 satellite. In the following evolution of X-Ray Astronomy, Polarimetry was too mismatched with the improved sensitivity of imaging and spectroscopy, based on the use of optics. As a consequence no polarimeter was flown any more. At the beginning of the century a new class of instruments based on the photoelectric effect were developed. In the focus of an X-Ray telescope they can perform angular, energy and time resolved polarimetry and benefit of the large increase of sensitivity due to the optics. The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer, exploiting this technique, was launched at the end of 2021.