标题： 更新核心坍缩超新星爆炸中的$^{56}$尼问题 显示英文标题

标题： Updating the $^{56}$Ni Problem in Core-collapse Supernova Explosion

摘要： Details of the core-collapse supernova (CCSN) explosion mechanism still need to be fully understood. There is an increasing number of successful examples of reproducing explosions in multidimensional hydrodynamic simulations, but subsequent studies pointed out that the growth rates of the explosion energy $\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$ of these simulations are insufficient to produce enough $^{56}$Ni to match observations. This issue is known as the `$^{56}$Ni problem' in CCSNe. Recently, however, some studies have suggested that this $^{56}$Ni problem is derived from the simplicity of the explosion model. In response, we investigate the effect of the explosion energy growth rate $\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$ on the behavior of nucleosynthesis in CCSNe in a more realistic model. We employ the 1D Lagrangian hydrodynamic code, in which we take neutrino heating and cooling terms into account with the light-bulb approximation. 我们重申，与以往反驳研究一致，存在$^{56}$Ni 问题：尽管合成的$^{56}$Ni 几乎与$\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$无关，具有相同的质量坐标，但低$\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$模型中最内层的一些物质未能逃逸，导致喷发物最内层的质量坐标向外部位置偏移。 将我们的结果与观测结果进行比较时，我们发现虽然现代缓慢爆炸原则上可以重现标准 II 型超新星的观测结果，但对于裸露包层超新星来说这是不可能的。 我们的发现对爆炸机制施加了严格的限制。II 型和裸露包层超新星在前身结构和爆炸机制上存在显著差异。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Details of the core-collapse supernova (CCSN) explosion mechanism still need to be fully understood. There is an increasing number of successful examples of reproducing explosions in multidimensional hydrodynamic simulations, but subsequent studies pointed out that the growth rates of the explosion energy $\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$ of these simulations are insufficient to produce enough $^{56}$Ni to match observations. This issue is known as the `$^{56}$Ni problem' in CCSNe. Recently, however, some studies have suggested that this $^{56}$Ni problem is derived from the simplicity of the explosion model. In response, we investigate the effect of the explosion energy growth rate $\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$ on the behavior of nucleosynthesis in CCSNe in a more realistic model. We employ the 1D Lagrangian hydrodynamic code, in which we take neutrino heating and cooling terms into account with the light-bulb approximation. We reiterate that, consistent with previous rebuttal studies, there is the $^{56}$Ni problem: Although $^{56}$Ni is synthesized to almost the same mass coordinate independent of $\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$, some of the innermost material in the low-$\dot{E}_\mathrm{expl}$ model failed to escape, leading to a shift in the innermost mass coordinate of the ejecta to the outer positions. Comparing our results with observations, we find that while modern slow explosions can, in principle, reproduce observations of standard Type II SNe, this is not possible with stripped-envelope SNe. Our finding places a strong constraint on the explosion mechanism. There are significant differences in the progenitor structures and the explosion mechanism between Type II and stripped-envelope SNe.