标题： 多信使高能结果 显示英文标题

标题： Multi-Messenger High-Energy Results

摘要： 多信使高能天体物理学目前具备了揭示宇宙射线起源以及源如何加速它们的能力，它们与星系间弥散辐射的关系，以及它们在磁场中漫游数百万年后对其起源星系的塑造作用。 中微子天文学通过冰立方（IceCube）在高于60 TeV能量处发现了一种弥散通量，其强度与超高能宇宙射线星系外源的预测通量上限相当，实现了其主要科学里程碑。 最近的结果提供了第一个独立中微子源的有力证据，并且中微子警报与伽马射线的高度可能巧合。 这些冰立方的结果表明，中微子天文学可以补充光子天文学，同时提供对高能辐射不透明源的见解。 星暴星系和活动星系中的喷流黑洞是解释弥散宇宙中微子背景的首选候选者。 此外，伽马射线暴仍然是一个引人入胜的谜团，现在由于伽马射线和引力波的联合观测而更加丰富。 银河系弥散通量由宇宙射线与我们银河系星际物质的相互作用产生，在较低能量处达到峰值，这处于中微子探测器的探测范围内。 结合测量到的银河系伽马射线通量直到拍电子伏特（PeV）能量，它们将有助于揭示宇宙射线的膝区以及银河平面可能存在暗物质的问题。 未来，将在冰立方以及深海和湖泊中微子望远镜中进行更多工作，由于对探测介质的更精确描述以及深度学习方法的改进，将利用进一步的低能级级联来搜索宇宙源。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Multi-messenger high-energy astrophysics has currently achieved the potential to unravel the origin of cosmic rays and how sources accelerate them, their relation to the diffuse radiation in the extra-galactic space, and their role to forge their galaxies of origin while they wander in their magnetic fields for millions of years. Neutrino astronomy produced its major scientific milestone with the discovery by IceCube of a diffuse flux at energies above 60~TeV with intensity comparable to a predicted upper limit to the flux from extra-galactic sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. More recent results provide the first strong evidence of a standalone neutrino source and a highly probable coincidence of a neutrino alert with gamma rays. These results of IceCube indicate that neutrino astronomy can complement photon astronomy also providing insights into opaque sources of high-energy radiation. Starburst galaxies and jetted black holes in active galaxies are favored candidates to explain the diffuse cosmic neutrino background. Additionally, gamma-ray bursts remain an intriguing mystery now enriched by joint observations of gamma-rays and gravitational waves. The galactic diffuse flux, produced by cosmic ray interactions on the interstellar matter of our galaxy and peaking at lower energies, is within the reach of neutrino detectors. Together with the measured galactic gamma-ray flux up to PeV energies, they will shed light on the knee region of cosmic rays and the possible existence of dark matter in the Galactic plane. In the future, more work will be done in IceCube and deep sea and lake neutrino telescopes to use further low-energy cascades for cosmic source searches thanks to improved descriptions of detection media and deep learning methods.