标题： 探索组成和质量负载对强子喷注特性的影响 显示英文标题

标题： Exploring the role of composition and mass-loading on the properties of hadronic jets

摘要： 天体物理喷流是相对论性外流，它们在数量级上保持良好的准直性。 尽管经过数十年的研究，宇宙射线（CRs）的起源仍然不清楚，但由星系中心超大质量黑洞和X射线双星（BHXBs）中的恒星级质量黑洞产生的喷流被认为是CR加速的候选来源。 当CRs在天体物理喷流中加速时，它们会引发粒子级联，形成{\gamma }-射线和中微子。 在所谓的强子情景中，加速的CRs群体需要大量的能量来正确解释光谱限制，这与纯粹的轻子情景类似。 所需的能量通常超过爱丁顿极限，甚至超过喷流内的总能量。 加速质子的确切能量来源尚不清楚，但由于沿喷流的能量守恒，人们认为它来自喷流本身，通过磁场的能量转移或外流的动能。 为了解决这个强子能量问题，并自洽地演化流中的能量通量，我们探索了一种包含强子内容的新方法，其中喷流/风边界上的不稳定性起着关键作用。 我们讨论了不同喷流成分对喷流动力学的影响，针对以正负电子为主的喷流和电子-质子喷流，以及由此产生的发射谱，考虑了轻子和强子过程。 最后，我们讨论了这种质量加载情景对解决质子能量问题的意义。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Astrophysical jets are relativistic outflows that remain collimated for remarkably many orders of magnitude. Despite decades of research, the origin of cosmic rays (CRs) remains unclear, but jets launched by both supermassive black holes in the centre of galaxies and stellar-mass black holes harboured in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) are among the candidate sources for CR acceleration. When CRs accelerate in astrophysical jets, they initiate particle cascades that form {\gamma}-rays and neutrinos. In the so-called hadronic scenario, the population of accelerated CRs requires a significant amount of energy to properly explain the spectral constraints similarly to a purely leptonic scenario. The amount of energy required often exceeds the Eddington limit, or even the total energy available within the jets. The exact energy source for the accelerated protons is unclear, but due to energy conservation along the jets, it is believed to come from the jet itself via transfer of energy from the magnetic fields, or kinetic energy from the outflow. To address this hadronic energy issue and to self-consistently evolve the energy flux along the flows, we explore a novel treatment for including hadronic content, in which instabilities along the jet/wind border play a critical role. We discuss the impact of the different jet composition on the jet dynamics for a pair dominated and an electron-proton jet, and consequently the emitted spectrum, accounting for both leptonic and hadronic processes. Finally, we discuss the implications of this mass-loading scenario to address the proton energy issue.