标题： 类地系外行星反射光谱的新模型：围绕不同光谱型恒星运行的现代地球和前生物地球 显示英文标题

标题： New models of reflection spectra for terrestrial exoplanets: Present and prebiotic Earth orbiting around stars of different spectral types

摘要： 为了从未来观测到的光谱中识别宜居的系外行星，我们提出了针对围绕F、G、K和M型恒星的宜居带内的现代和前生物（39亿年）类地系外行星的新模型反射光谱和几何反照率。我们计算了这些行星在各种大气和表面组成下的情况。 作为潜在生物标志物和温室剂的分子被纳入我们的模型大气中。 各种固体和液体材料的不同组合，如海洋、海岸、由树木、草地、沙子或岩石组成的陆地，决定了行星的地表反照率。 还包括了九个潜在宜居行星的几何反照率和模型反射光谱，其中包括比邻星b、TRAPPIST-1d、开普勒-1649c和Teegarden's星-b。 我们使用开源包Exo-Transmit导出的消光数据，并根据类地系外行星的特性采用不同的大气温度-压力剖面。 通过数值求解多次散射辐射传输方程来构建模型反射光谱。 我们通过与其他研究人员发表的结果比较，验证了几个特定情况下的模型反射光谱。 我们证明，具有增加温室气体含量的前生物类地系外行星和现代类地系外行星在光学波段散射更多的星光。 我们还展示了具有云层和无云层大气的现代和前生物类地系外行星的传输光谱。 显示英文摘要

摘要： In order to recognize a habitable exoplanet from future observed spectra, we present new model reflected spectra and geometric albedo for modern and prebiotic (3.9 Ga) Earth-like exoplanets orbiting within the habitable zone of stars of spectral types F, G, K and M. We compute this for various atmospheric and surface compositions of the planets. Molecules that are potential biosignatures and act as greenhouse agents are incorporated in our model atmosphere. Various combinations of solid and liquid materials such as ocean, coast, land consisting of trees, grass, sand or rocks determine the surface albedo of the planet. Geometric albedo and model reflected spectra for a set of nine potential habitable planets, including Proxima Centauri b, TRAPPIST-1d, Kepler-1649c and Teegarden's Star-b, are also presented. We employ the opacity data derived by using the open-source package Exo-Transmit and adopt different atmospheric Temperature-Pressure profiles depending on the properties of the terrestrial exoplanets. The model reflected spectra are constructed by numerically solving the multiple scattering radiative transfer equations. We verified our model reflected spectra for a few specific cases by comparing with those published by other researchers. We demonstrate that prebiotic Earth-like exoplanets and present Earth-like exoplanets with increased amount of greenhouse gases in their atmospheres scatter more starlight in the optical. We also present the transmission spectra for modern and prebiotic Earth-like exoplanets with cloudy and cloudless atmospheres.