标题： M$^5$ -- 火星磁层多点测量任务：一项针对火星的多航天器等离子体物理任务 显示英文标题

标题： M$^5$ -- Mars Magnetospheric Multipoint Measurement Mission: A multi-spacecraft plasma physics mission to Mars

摘要： 火星缺乏内在的发电机，是对比研究感应磁层的理想实验室，这种磁层也可以在其他类地天体以及彗星上找到。 此外，由于大气逃逸导致失去宜居性，以及可能的未来人类探索，火星特别值得关注。 在此背景下，我们提出了火星磁层多点测量任务（M$^5$），这是一项多航天器任务，旨在全面研究火星感应磁层的动力学和能量传输。 特别关注的是大部分尚未探索的磁尾区域，在该区域已经发现了磁重联的特征。 此外，为了研究火星磁层的动力学，特别是不同的向日侧边界区域，以及电流系统和等离子体波等能量传输现象，需要对上游太阳风条件有可靠的了解。 这将有助于研究具有感应磁层的行星的大气逃逸过程。 为了分辨时间和空间上变化的三维结构，需要多点测量。 因此，M$^5$是一项五航天器任务，其中一颗太阳风监测器在5个火星半径的圆形轨道上绕火星运行，另外四颗较小的航天器以四面体配置在椭圆轨道上绕火星运行，覆盖到距离火星6个半径的远磁尾，并且近火点位于火星磁层内，为1.8个火星半径。 我们不仅详细评估了此类任务的科学需求，还展示了综合考虑所有任务要求和约束条件（如质量、功率和链路预算）后的任务和航天器设计。 该任务概念是在2022年阿尔普巴赫暑期学校期间开发的。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Mars, lacking an intrinsic dynamo, is an ideal laboratory to comparatively study induced magnetospheres, which can be found in other terrestrial bodies as well as comets. Additionally, Mars is of particular interest to further exploration due to its loss of habitability by atmospheric escape and possible future human exploration. In this context, we propose the Mars Magnetospheric Multipoint Measurement Mission (M$^5$), a multi-spacecraft mission to study the dynamics and energy transport of the Martian induced magnetosphere comprehensively. Particular focus is dedicated to the largely unexplored magnetotail region, where signatures of magnetic reconnection have been found. Furthermore, a reliable knowledge of the upstream solar wind conditions is needed to study the dynamics of the Martian magnetosphere, especially the different dayside boundary regions but also for energy transport phenomena like the current system and plasma waves. This will aid the study of atmospheric escape processes of planets with induced magnetospheres. In order to resolve the three-dimensional structures varying both in time and space, multi-point measurements are required. Thus, M$^5$ is a five spacecraft mission, with one solar wind monitor orbiting Mars in a circular orbit at 5 Martian radii, and four smaller spacecraft in a tetrahedral configuration orbiting Mars in an elliptical orbit, spanning the far magnetotail up to 6 Mars radii with a periapsis within the Martian magnetosphere of 1.8 Mars radii. We not only present a detailed assessment of the scientific need for such a mission but also show the resulting mission and spacecraft design taking into account all aspects of the mission requirements and constraints such as mass, power, and link budgets. This mission concept was developed during the Alpbach Summer School 2022.