标题： 对流在冷演化恒星大气中的特征 显示英文标题

标题： Signatures of convection in the atmospheres of cool evolved stars

摘要： 演化后的各种质量的冷恒星是主要的宇宙引擎，通过强烈的恒星风和超新星喷射物向星际介质输送大量的机械和辐射反馈。 这些恒星在通过重要的化学元素丰富星际介质方面起着关键作用，这些化学元素构成了形成后续恒星、行星甚至生命的必要构建块。 在这些冷而明亮恒星的大气层中发生的复杂过程中，对流占据核心地位。 对流是一种非局部的、复杂的现象，在多维框架内表现出不同尺度之间的非线性相互作用。 对于这些具有显著光度和广阔尺度高度的恒星，对流过渡到全局尺度。 这种过渡是通过将辐射能量通过其大气层的非均匀外层传输来实现的。 为了全面理解这一现象，应用全球综合的三维辐射-流体力学模拟对流至关重要。 我们介绍了两种最先进的数值代码：CO5BOLD 和 Athena++。 此外，我们提供了它们的应用视角：在推动对与对流相关的动态过程的全面研究中起关键作用；以及在准确模拟II-P型超新星中的冲击波突破期间产生的辐射方面的重要工具。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Evolved cool stars of various masses are major cosmic engines, delivering substantial mechanical and radiative feedback to the interstellar medium through strong stellar winds and supernova ejecta. These stars play a pivotal role in enriching the interstellar medium with vital chemical elements that constitute the essential building blocks for forming subsequent generations of stars, planets, and potentially even life. Within the complex tapestry of processes occurring in the atmospheres of these cool and luminous stars, convection takes center stage. Convection is a non-local, complex phenomenon marked by non-linear interactions across diverse length scales within a multi-dimensional framework. For these particular stars, characterized by their considerable luminosities and extensive scale heights, convection transitions to a global scale. This transition is facilitated by transmitting radiative energy through the non-uniform outer layers of their atmospheres. To fully understand this phenomenon, the application of global comprehensive 3D radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of stellar convection is of paramount importance. We present two state-of-the-art numerical codes: CO5BOLD and Athena++. Furthermore, we provide a view on their applications as: pivotal roles in enabling a comprehensive investigation into the dynamic processes linked to convection; and critical tools for accurately modeling the emissions produced during shock breakouts in Type II-P Supernovae.