标题： 20世纪30年代交换力概念的发展：欧洲与日本的密切交流以及原子核理论的诞生 显示英文标题

标题： The development of the concept of exchange forces in the 1930s: close encounters between Europe and Japan and the birth of nuclear theory

摘要： 本文从海森堡于1926年的开创性贡献开始，追溯了量子物理中交换力概念的起源与发展，并贯穿核物理的重大发展，这些发展促成了媒介虚拟量子的力的思想的出现。 尽管大部分相关工作是在欧洲完成的，但这条漫长道路上的最后一项也是决定性的努力是由日本科学家在20世纪30年代完成的。 这是本文的主要关注点，文章回顾了汤川秀树和朝永振一郎的成就，仔细分析了他们的成果及其相互影响，并将其与欧洲物理学家的工作联系起来。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The onset and the development of the concept of exchange force in quantum physics are historically reconstructed, starting from Heisenberg's seminal contributions in 1926 and going through the great developments in nuclear physics, which allowed the emergence of the idea of force mediating virtual quanta. Although most of such work was performed in Europe, the last and decisive effort in this long path was carried out by Japanese scientists in the 1930s. This is the main focus of the present work, which retraces the achievements of Yukawa and Tomonaga, whose results and mutual interactions are carefully analyzed and related to those of European physicists.