标题： 屋顶和社区太阳能的采用与收入异质性 显示英文标题

标题： Rooftop and Community Solar Adoption with Income Heterogeneity

摘要： 每个在收入异质性人口中的家庭都会面临电力需求的随机性，并决定是否以及何时采用太阳能产品，屋顶太阳能或社区太阳能。 一个中央规划者，旨在在设定时间内达到采用水平目标，提供净计量和太阳能产品的补贴，并最小化其总成本。 我们的重点是分析我们添加到文献中的三个新特性：收入多样性、社区太阳能的可用性以及对采用时间的考虑。 {方法和结果：}我们开发了一个双层优化公式来推导最优补贴政策。 上层（规划者的）问题是具有约束的非线性优化模型，其中规划者旨在最小化平均补贴成本。 下层（家庭的）问题是最优停止公式，它捕捉了家庭的采用决策。 我们推导出在给定补贴政策下家庭最优采用时间分布的显式表达式。 我们证明，在两种产品均为同质补贴的情况下，规划者的问题是凸的。 {管理启示：}我们的结果强调了规划者同时考虑三个因素的重要性——采用水平目标、时间目标和补贴预算——因为它们协同作用以影响采用结果。 规划者还必须考虑在计划中包含社区太阳能，因为正如我们所展示的，社区太阳能和屋顶太阳能吸引来自收入谱不同侧的家庭。 在存在收入不平等的情况下，社区太阳能的可用性使得实现太阳能采用目标更容易。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Each household in a population characterized by income heterogeneity faces random demand for electricity and decides if and when it should adopt a solar product, rooftop solar or community solar. A central planner, aiming to meet an adoption level target within a set time, offers net metering and subsidy on solar products and minimizes its total cost. Our focus is on analyzing the interactions of three new features we add to the literature: income diversity, availability of community solar, and consideration of adoption timing. {Methodology and results:} We develop a bilevel optimization formulation to derive the optimal subsidy policy. The upper level (planner's) problem is a constrained non-linear optimization model in which the planner aims to minimize the average subsidy cost. The lower level (household's) problem is an optimal stopping formulation, which captures the adoption decisions of the households. We derive a closed-form expression for the distribution of optimal adoption time of households for a given subsidy policy. We show that the planner's problem is convex in the case of homogeneous subsidy for the two products. {Managerial implications:} Our results underscore the importance for planners to consider three factors - adoption level target, time target, and subsidy budget - simultaneously as they work in tandem to influence the adoption outcome. The planners must also consider the inclusion of community solar in their plans because, as we show, community and rooftop solar attract households from different sides of the income spectrum. In the presence of income inequality, the availability of community makes it easier to meet solar adoption targets.