标题： 玻色子云图集：超辐射云的直接观测 显示英文标题

标题： Boson Cloud Atlas: Direct Observation of Superradiance Clouds

摘要： 超轻标量粒子在几种有动机的粒子物理场景中自然出现，并且是暗物质的可行候选者。 尽管在实验室中检测这类玻色子具有挑战性，但它们在自然界中可以在天体物理黑洞（BHs）的可测量特性上留下印记。 超辐射现象可以将黑洞自转的动能转化为一个束缚的标量云。 在本文中，我们提出了一种直接测量围绕旋转黑洞的暗云质量的新技术。 我们比较了两种独立的电磁技术对黑洞自转的测量：连续谱拟合和铁K$\alpha$光谱学。 由于前一种技术依赖于对黑洞质量的动力学观测，而后者则不依赖，因此两种测量之间的不一致可用于推断黑洞周围存在额外的扩展质量。 我们发现，为了在暗质量约为黑洞质量的几个百分比的情况下，在2$\sigma$置信水平上排除黑洞周围没有暗质量的零假设，需要对两个自转测量具有$\sim 1\%$的精度，这在某些超辐射场景中是有根据的。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Ultralight scalars emerge naturally in several motivated particle physics scenarios and are viable candidates for dark matter. While laboratory detection of such bosons is challenging, their existence in nature can be imprinted on measurable properties of astrophysical black holes (BHs). The phenomenon of superradiance can convert the BH spin kinetic energy into a bound cloud of scalars. In this letter, we propose a new technique for directly measuring the mass of a dark cloud around a spinning BH. We compare the measurement of the BH spin obtained with two independent electromagnetic techniques: continuum fitting and iron K$\alpha$ spectroscopy. Since the former technique depends on a dynamical observation of the BH mass while the latter does not, a mismatch between the two measurements can be used to infer the presence of additional extended mass around the BH. We find that a precision of $\sim 1\%$ on the two spin measurements is required to exclude the null hypothesis of no dark mass around the BH at a 2$\sigma$ confidence level for dark masses about a few percent of the BH mass, as motivated in some superradiance scenarios.