标题： 从细胞到社会的调节功能 显示英文标题

标题： Regulatory Functions from Cells to Society

摘要： 调节功能在社会经济和生物系统中都是必不可少的，从公司经理到基因组中的调节基因。 调节功能伴随着巨大的成本，但常常被视作理所当然。 在这里，我们通过尺度分析，实证研究了不同系统中的调节成本——包括生物有机体（细菌和真核基因组）、人类组织（公司、联邦机构、大学）以及去中心化实体（维基百科、城市）。 我们通过一个概念模型指导实证分析，该模型预测调节成本的尺度会随着系统内部交互结构的变化而变化——即混合良好或模块化。 我们发现不同系统表现出一致的尺度模式——混合良好的系统表现出超线性尺度，而模块化系统则表现出次线性或线性尺度。 此外，我们发现包含更多多样化职业功能的社会经济系统，其调节成本高于由其规模预期的水平，证实了交互类型也在调节成本中起作用。 尽管许多社会经济系统表现出规模效益，但许多社会系统的调节成本却随时间不成比例地增长。 我们的发现表明，功能复杂性的增加可能是这一趋势的原因。 这种跨系统的比较提供了一个理解调节成本的框架，并可能指导未来识别和减轻调节低效的努力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Regulatory functions are essential in both socioeconomic and biological systems, from corporate managers to regulatory genes in genomes. Regulatory functions come with substantial costs, but are often taken for granted. Here, we empirically examine regulatory costs across diverse systems -- biological organisms (bacteria and eukaryotic genomes), human organizations (companies, federal agencies, universities), and decentralized entities (Wikipedia, cities) -- using scaling analysis. We guide the empirical analysis with a conceptual model, which anticipates the scaling of regulatory costs to shift with the system's internal interaction structure -- well-mixed or modular. We find diverse systems exhibit consistent scaling patterns -- well-mixed systems exhibit superlinear scaling, while modular ones show sublinear or linear scaling. Further, we find that the socioeconomic systems containing more diverse occupational functions tend to have more regulatory costs than expected from their size, confirming the type of interactions also plays a role in regulatory costs. While many socioeconomic systems exhibit efficiencies of scale, regulatory costs in many social systems have grown disproportionally over time. Our finding suggests that the increasing complexity of functions may contribute to this trend. This cross-system comparison offers a framework for understanding regulatory costs and could guide future efforts to identify and mitigate regulatory inefficiencies.