标题： 我们需要多少从基因组到社会的调控？ 显示英文标题

标题： How much regulation do we need from genomes to society?

摘要： 调控功能在社会经济和生物系统中都至关重要，从公司管理层到调控基因皆是如此。 调控功能伴随着显著的成本与收益，而这两者之间的平衡往往被视为理所当然。 对于所有复杂系统而言，一个根本性的问题在于它们需要多少调控功能以适应其规模与功能？ 在这里，我们提供了实证证据表明调控功能在多种系统中呈系统性变化：包括生物有机体（细菌和真核生物基因组）、人类组织（公司、联邦机构、大学）以及去中心化的实体（维基百科、城市）。 我们将这些领域中的大型数据集分析与一种简单的概念模型相结合。 该模型预测调控成本的缩放会随着系统结构的变化而变化。 混合良好的小系统在规模和调控功能之间表现出超线性缩放，而模块化的大系统则显示出亚线性或线性缩放，两者均与数据一致。 最后，我们发现社会经济系统中包含更多样化职业功能的系统往往比根据缩放关系预期的拥有更高的调控成本，这证实了交互类型和复杂性也会影响调控成本的假设。 我们的跨系统比较提供了一个理解调控功能的机械框架，并可能指导分析不同系统中调控功能的成本与收益的努力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Regulatory functions are essential in both socioeconomic and biological systems, from corporate managers to regulatory genes. Regulatory functions come with substantial costs and benefits, and the balance of the two is often taken for granted. A fundamental question for all complex systems becomes how much regulatory function do they need for their size and function? Here, we present empirical evidence that regulatory functions scale systematically across diverse systems: biological organisms (bacterial and eukaryotic genomes), human organizations (companies, federal agencies, universities), and decentralized entities (Wikipedia, cities). We combine an analysis of large data sets from each of these domains with a simple conceptual model. The model predicts that the scaling of regulatory costs shifts with system structure. Well-mixed small systems exhibit superlinear scaling between size and regulatory function, while modular large ones show sublinear or linear scaling, both in agreement with data. Finally, we find that socioeconomic systems that contain more diverse occupational functions tend to have more regulatory costs than expected from the scaling relationships, confirming the hypothesis that the type and complexity of interactions also play a role in regulatory costs. Our cross-system comparison offers a mechanistic framework for understanding regulatory function and can potentially guide efforts to analyze the costs and benefits of regulatory function in diverse systems.