标题： 量子计算机上一维量子色动力学的相图 显示英文标题

标题： The phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics in one dimension on a quantum computer

摘要： 量子色动力学（QCD）相图对于回答物理学中的开放问题至关重要，从中子星的物质状态到早期宇宙。 然而，经典的QCD模拟面临显著的计算障碍，例如有限物质密度下的符号问题。 量子计算为克服这些挑战提供了有希望的解决方案。 在这里，我们通过在一维非阿贝尔规范理论中制备热态，朝着用量子设备探索QCD相图迈出了重要一步。 我们使用变分方法，在捕获离子量子计算机上对有限密度下的SU(2)和SU(3)规范理论的热态进行了实验模拟。 这是通过引入两个特征实现的：首先，我们在现有的量子比特寄存器中添加运动辅助量子比特，以有效地准备热概率分布；其次，我们引入规范不变测量来强制局部规范对称性。 这项工作标志着首次在两个和三个颜色下对有限密度和温度的QCD格点规范理论量子模拟，为在量子平台上探索QCD现象奠定了基础。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram is key to answering open questions in physics, from states of matter in neutron stars to the early universe. However, classical simulations of QCD face significant computational barriers, such as the sign problem at finite matter densities. Quantum computing offers a promising solution to overcome these challenges. Here, we take an important step toward exploring the QCD phase diagram with quantum devices by preparing thermal states in one-dimensional non-Abelian gauge theories. We experimentally simulate the thermal states of SU(2) and SU(3) gauge theories at finite densities on a trapped-ion quantum computer using a variational method. This is achieved by introducing two features: Firstly, we add motional ancillae to the existing qubit register to efficiently prepare thermal probability distributions. Secondly, we introduce gauge-invariant measurements to enforce local gauge symmetries. This work marks the first lattice gauge theory quantum simulation of QCD at finite density and temperature for two and three colors, laying the foundation to explore QCD phenomena on quantum platforms.