标题： 量子过程的热力学功和热：基于哈密顿量分解的方法 显示英文标题

标题： Thermodynamic work and heat for a quantum process: Approach by Hamiltonian decomposition

摘要： 量子热力学中将内能分解为热量和功的问题长期以来颇具争议，本文重新审视并解决了这一问题。 研究表明，哈密顿量对于一个量子系统具有双重作用，通过相应地分解系统与环境之间的相互作用哈密顿量，可以提出开量子系统的“有效哈密顿量”。 有效哈密顿量的明确表达式被系统性地获得，从而开量子系统的内能可以很好地定义，并进一步合理地定义了一般量子过程中的功和热。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The separation of internal energy into heat and work in quantum thermodynamics is a controversial issue for a long time, and we revisit and solve this problem in this work. It is shown that the Hamiltonian plays dual roles for a quantum system, and by decomposing the interaction Hamiltonian between system and environment accordingly, an ``effective Hamiltonian" for an open quantum system can be proposed. The explicit expression of the effective Hamiltonian is obtained systematically, and as a consequence, the internal energy of an open quantum system can be well defined, leading to the reasonable definitions of work and heat for a general quantum process.