标题： 从活性系统的空间轨迹中解码主动力波动 显示英文标题

标题： Decoding active force fluctuations from spatial trajectories of active systems

摘要： 介观活性系统由于其组分转换可用自由能所产生的力，表现出在被动系统中不存在的各种独特行为。然而，估计这些力——它们也是随机的，并且与热噪声交织在一起——尤其具有挑战性。在这里，我们介绍了一种技术，通过过滤掉相关的热噪声，可以高统计精度地提取作用于被动粒子上的波动活性力，该粒子浸没在活性浴中。我们首先在不同类型的活性数值场景下测试了该方法的有效性，然后将其应用于微观粒子（通过光学捕获）在由运动的\textit{大肠杆菌}细菌组成的活性浴中的实验轨迹。我们认为，我们的简单而强大的方法，似乎对活性力的性质不敏感，应该能够准确测量生物物质中的力动力学，并可能允许直接但可靠地估算热量、功和熵产生等关键热力学参数。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Mesoscopic active systems exhibit various unique behaviours - absent in passive systems - due to the forces generated by the corresponding constituents by converting their available free energies. However, estimating these forces - which are also stochastic and remain intertwined with the thermal noise - is especially non-trivial. Here, we introduce a technique to extract such fluctuating active forces acting on a passive particle immersed in an active bath with high statistical accuracy by filtering out the related thermal noise. We first test the efficacy of our method under numerical scenarios with different types of activity, and then apply it to the experimental trajectories of a microscopic particle (optically) trapped inside an active bath consisting of motile \textit{E.Coli.} bacteria. We believe that our simple yet powerful approach, which appears agnostic to the nature of the active force, should enable accurate measurement of force dynamics in living matter and potentially allow direct but reliable estimation of key thermodynamic parameters such as heat, work, and entropy production.