标题： 人工智能在环境保护中的应用：来自威斯康星州实地研究的组织背景的重要性 显示英文标题

标题： Artificial Intelligence in Environmental Protection: The Importance of Organizational Context from a Field Study in Wisconsin

摘要： 人工智能（AI）的进步引发了人们对AI在支持我们理解和保护环境方面的潜力的广泛关注。 随着这些工具从基础研究转向更具影响力的环境，如监管执行，AI被使用、解释和部署的人类背景变得越来越关键。 然而，很少有系统性的工作探讨了这种组织目标和激励机制在部署AI系统中的作用。 我们报告了一个独特的案例研究结果，该研究基于卫星图像的AI工具用于检测农业废弃物的倾倒，并与威斯康星州自然资源部（WDNR）和一个非政府环保利益团体同时进行实地试验，在2023年2月至3月期间，当倾倒行为被假定为非法时，该工具被用于实地调查。 我们的结果有三个方面：首先，两个组织都确认了模型检测的地面真实准确性水平相似。 其次，他们在对工具有用性的整体评估上存在差异，因为WDNR关注现有法律的明确违规行为，而利益团体则希望记录超出现有法规范围的环境风险。 例如，未经许可的实体倾倒或在2月1日前的倾倒行为被WDNR认为无关。 第三，虽然AI工具承诺优先分配环境保护资源，但它们可能会暴露出现有法律的重要漏洞。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have generated widespread enthusiasm for the potential of AI to support our understanding and protection of the environment. As such tools move from basic research to more consequential settings, such as regulatory enforcement, the human context of how AI is utilized, interpreted, and deployed becomes increasingly critical. Yet little work has systematically examined the role of such organizational goals and incentives in deploying AI systems. We report results from a unique case study of a satellite imagery-based AI tool to detect dumping of agricultural waste, with concurrent field trials with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) and a non-governmental environmental interest group in which the tool was utilized for field investigations when dumping was presumptively illegal in February-March 2023. Our results are threefold: First, both organizations confirmed a similar level of ground-truth accuracy for the model's detections. Second, they differed, however, in their overall assessment of its usefulness, as WDNR was interested in clear violations of existing law, while the interest group sought to document environmental risk beyond the scope of existing regulation. Dumping by an unpermitted entity or just before February 1, for instance, were deemed irrelevant by WDNR. Third, while AI tools promise to prioritize allocation of environmental protection resources, they may expose important gaps of existing law.