标题： 一种政治光谱仪：对美国意识形态格局的高分辨率检查 显示英文标题

标题： A Political Spectrograph: High-Resolution Examinations of the United States' Ideological Landscape

摘要： “意识形态”这一概念是政治话语和动态的核心，通常被描述为主要位于从“左翼/自由主义”到“右翼/保守主义”的一维尺度上，但这种简单的定量处理的有效性尚不确定。 在这里，我们研究并比较了各种高分辨率的意识形态测量方法，包括内部（个人自我认同和政策立场一致性的）和外部（估计政治意见陈述的意识形态位置）。 我们发现内部测量之间有很强的一致性，尽管基于政策立场一致性的意识形态呈现出相对于主观测量更为集中和自由的图景。 更值得注意的是，我们发现外部意识形态评估虽然存在噪声，但在观察者之间大致一致，即使对于高度不和谐的观点，无论发言人身份标记如何。 这支持了这些反应作为有意义且可比较的数量的使用，普通公众能够可靠地将政治思想的抽象空间投射到一个共享的一维领域。 最后，我们观察了一些政治意见接受的广泛初步模式、对主要政治党的感受以及极端思维的倾向，发现大多数结果在意识形态上是对称的，并且强烈按强烈的/倾向的/独立的政治党派身份分层。 我们希望这些关于政治意识形态量化的观点能成为邀请更多数量科学家来建模和理解这一重要社会领域的开端。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The concept of ``ideology" is central to political discourse and dynamics, and is often cast as falling primarily on a one-dimensional scale from ``left-wing/liberal" to ``right-wing/conservative", but the validity of this simple quantitative treatment is uncertain. Here we investigate and compare various high-resolution measures of ideology, both internal (individuals self-identification and policy-stance agreements) and external (estimating the ideological position of political opinion statements). We find strong consistency between internal measures, although policy-stance agreement ideology yields a systematically centralizing and liberalizing portrait relative to subjective measures. More remarkably, we find that external assessments of ideology, while noisy, are largely consistent across observers, even for highly dissonant ideas and regardless of speaker identity markers. This supports the use of these responses as meaningful, comparable quantities, which general members of the public reliably project from the abstract space of political thought onto a shared one-dimensional domain. We end with observation of some broad initial patterns of political opinion acceptance, feelings towards the major political parties, and propensity for extreme thinking, finding mostly ideologically symmetric results strongly stratified by strong/lean/Independent political party identity. We hope these perspectives on quantification of political ideology serve as an invitation for a broader range of quantitative scientists to model and understand this vital societal arena.