标题： 观察城市作为复杂系统 显示英文标题

标题： Observing cities as a complex system

摘要： 城市是人类最复杂和先进的创造之一。 城市中的大多数物体都完美同步，以协调工作、教育、交通、娱乐或废物管理等活动。 尽管每个城市都有其特点，但在大多数城市中可以观察到一些共同点，比如与噪音、污染、隔离等相关的问题。 此外，这些问题在较大或较小的城市中可能会更加明显。 例如，人口更多时，城市可能会面临更多的空间竞争，因此租金会更高。 城市规模理论提供了一个框架，用于在城市规模的背景下分析城市。 新的数据分析城市规模理论，使人们能够理解城市指标如何随着人口规模的变化而变化，这些指标是否适用于大多数地区，或者这些模式是否仅对应某些国家或地区。 然而，将一个城市及其所有复杂性简化为一个指标可能会使城市区域过于简化，以至于忽视了它们的差异和变化。 通常，同一城市不同地区的生活条件差异比城市之间的差异更大。 例如，在租金或犯罪方面，城市内部的差异可能比城市之间的差异更为显著。 在这里，我们回顾了一些城市规模原则，并探讨了分析同一城市内变化的方法。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Cities are some of the most intricate and advanced creations of humanity. Most objects in cities are perfectly synchronised to coordinate activities like jobs, education, transportation, entertainment or waste management. Although each city has its characteristics, some commonalities can be observed across most cities, like issues related to noise, pollution, segregation and others. Further, some of these issues might be accentuated in larger or smaller cities. For example, with more people, a city might experience more competition for space so rents would be higher. The urban scaling theory gives a framework to analyse cities in the context of their size. New data for analysing urban scaling theory allow an understanding of how urban metrics change with their population size, whether they apply across most regions or if patterns correspond only to some country or region. Yet, reducing a city and all its complexity into a single indicator might simplify urban areas to an extent where their disparities and variations are overlooked. Often, the differences between the living conditions in different parts of the same city are bigger than the degree of variation observed between cities. For example, in terms of rent or crime, within-city variations might be more significant than between cities. Here, we review some urban scaling principles and explore ways to analyse variations within the same city.