标题： 用于火星建设的工程活材料的设计 显示英文标题

标题： Design of Engineered Living Materials for Martian Construction

摘要： 作为地外探测的下一步，全国许多工程师和科学家表现出强烈的兴趣，以实现多行星人类生活，包括殖民火星。 本研究提出，通过由固氮蓝藻和丝状真菌组成的合成地衣系统可以在火星上实现建筑结构。这些生物会产生丰富的生物矿物和生物聚合物，将火星风化层粘结成坚固的建筑块。 这些自生长的建筑块可以组装成各种各样的结构。 固氮蓝藻将：1）从大气中固定二氧化碳和氮气，并将其转化为氧气和有机碳氮源来支持丝状真菌；2）由于光合作用活动产生高浓度的碳酸根离子。 丝状真菌将：1）将金属离子结合到真菌细胞壁上并作为成核位点促进生物矿化沉淀；2）通过提供水分、矿物质、额外的二氧化碳和保护来协助蓝藻的生存和生长。 本报告介绍了该项目的主要进展。 已经测试并确认，这种共培养系统可以创建，并且它们能够在火星风化层模拟物、空气、光线和无机液体培养基上良好生长，而无需任何额外的碳或氮源。 在这种共培养系统中的蓝藻和真菌生长明显优于它们单独的无菌生长，因为存在相互作用。 沉淀晶体的数量和形态根据培养条件显著变化。 显示英文摘要

摘要： As the next step in extraterrestrial exploration, many engineers and scientists around the country revealed their intense interest to enable multiplanetary human life, including colonizing Mars. This study proposes that architecture on Mars can be realized by a synthetic lichen system, composed of diazotrophic cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi, which produce abundant biominerals and biopolymers to bond Martian regolith into consolidated building blocks. These self-growing building blocks can be assembled into a wide range of structures. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria will 1) fix carbon dioxide and dinitrogen from the atmosphere and convert them into oxygen and organic carbon and nitrogen sources to support filamentous fungi; and 2) give rise to high concentrations of carbonate ions because of photosynthetic activities. Filamentous fungi will 1) bind metal ions onto fungal cell walls and serve as nucleation sites to promote biomineral precipitates; and 2) assist the survival and growth of cyanobacteria by providing them water, minerals, additional carbon dioxide, and protection. This report presents the major progress of the project. It has been tested and confirmed that such co-culture systems can be created, and they grow very well solely on Martian regolith simulants, air, light, and an inorganic liquid medium without any additional carbon or nitrogen sources. The cyanobacterial and fungal growth in such co-culture systems is significantly better than their axenic growth due to mutual interactions. The amounts and morphologies of the precipitated crystals vary remarkably depending on the cultivation condition.