标题： 极端非平衡状态下金属的超快异质熔化 显示英文标题

标题： Ultrafast Heterogeneous Melting of Metals under Extreme Non-equilibrium States

摘要： 超快激光激发产生的极端电子-离子非平衡状态挑战了传统的熔化范式。 通过增强神经网络的多尺度模拟，研究了钨和金纳米薄膜，我们确定电子压力弛豫是异质相变的关键驱动因素。 亚皮秒单轴膨胀产生密度降低，使表面引发的熔化远低于平衡熔化温度。 这种超快异质熔化以2500米/秒的速度传播——比热机制快十倍——其特征是静态衍射峰分裂，与热膨胀动力学不同。 虽然钨表现出压力驱动的固-固转变，但金在电子应力下在室温下完全非晶化。 这些结果确立了热电子介导的晶格失稳作为激光诱导结构转变的普遍途径，为解释时间分辨实验和控制激光-物质相互作用提供了新见解。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The extreme electron-ion nonequilibrium states created by ultrafast laser excitation challenge conventional melting paradigms. Through neural network-enhanced multiscale simulations of tungsten and gold nanofilms, we identify electronic pressure relaxation as a critical driver of heterogeneous phase transformations. Subpicosecond uniaxial expansion generates density decrease that enable surface-initiated melting far below equilibrium melting temperatures. This ultrafast heterogeneous melting propagates at 2500 m/s-tenfold faster than thermal mechanisms-with characteristic stationary diffraction peak splitting distinguishing it from thermal expansion dynamics. While tungsten shows pressure-driven solid-solid transitions, gold exhibits complete room-temperature amorphization under electronic stress. These results establish hot-electron-mediated lattice destabilization as a universal pathway for laser-induced structural transformations, providing new insights for interpreting time-resolved experiments and controlling laser-matter interactions.