标题： 持久的性别观念与女性创业 显示英文标题

标题： Persistent gender attitudes and women entrepreneurship

摘要： 持续的性别规范如何影响女性当前的创业活动？ 我们研究了历史上的性别规范——通过1981年瑞士关于将性别平等确立为宪法权利的全民公投来衡量——是否会影响当今女性的创业活动。 利用2016年至2023年所有2,308个瑞士市镇的数据，我们表明性别规范在过去42年中一直持续存在。 在1981年投票中支持性别平等的比例较高的市镇，女性创办的企业与男性创办的企业数量之比显著更高，且在统计学和经济学意义上都具有重要意义。 该比例对1981年投票的平均弹性为0.2。 这些发现表明，尽管过去四十年瑞士经历了大规模移民和前所未有的经济增长，但性别规范依然在瑞士延续。 即使控制了后来关于性别角色的全民公投以及一系列市镇特定的控制变量后，这一结果仍然稳健，而且这种影响对于非增长导向型企业比对增长导向型初创企业更强。 显示英文摘要

摘要： How do persistent gender norms affect women's current startup activity? We investigate whether historical gender norms - measured by Switzerland's 1981 public referendum on enshrining gender equality as a constitutional right - influence female startup activity today. Using data from all 2,308 Swiss municipalities from 2016 to 2023, we show that gender norms have persisted over the past 42 years. Municipalities with a higher share of votes in favor of gender equality have a statistically and economically significantly higher ratio of women-founded to men-founded startups. The average elasticity of this ratio with respect to the 1981 vote is 0.2. These findings indicate that gender norms have persisted in Switzerland, despite mass immigration and the unprecedented economic growth the country has experienced over the past four decades. This result remains robust even after controlling for a later referendum on gender roles and a wide range of municipality-specific control variables, and the effect is stronger for non-growth-oriented firms than for growth-oriented startups.