标题： 基于星子吸积的行星族群合成：行星族群对恒星质量和金属丰度的依赖性 显示英文标题

标题： Dependence of Planet populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble Accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis

摘要： 行星系统的形成与演化与其宿主恒星的环境密切相关。 在这项研究中，我们采用基于颗粒吸积的行星族群综合模型来探讨行星属性与恒星质量和金属丰度之间的相关性。 我们的数值结果再现了系外行星观测的几个主要方面。 首先，我们发现超级地球的出现率（$\eta_{\rm SE}$）与恒星质量呈倒V字形关系：在较低质量的矮星中随恒星质量增加而上升，在早期M型矮星处达到峰值，并在更高质量的GK型恒星处下降。 其次，超级地球在各种金属丰度的恒星周围普遍存在，其属性表现出对金属丰度（$Z_{\star}$）的平坦或弱依赖性（$\eta_{\rm SE}$）。 第三，相比之下，巨型行星更频繁地在高质量和高金属丰度的恒星周围形成。 最后，我们将一部分模拟延伸至（$1$）十亿年，以研究系统结构的长期演化。 通过将我们的模拟系统转换为合成观测数据，我们发现单次凌日系统的偏心率和倾角随恒星金属丰度增加，而在多行星系统中的这些依赖关系则相对较弱。 我们的结果与观测结果的一致性为我们理解行星族群与恒星属性之间的联系提供了关键见解。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The formation and evolution of planetary systems are linked to their host stellar environment. In this study, we employ a pebble accretion-based planet population synthesis model to explore the correlation between planetary properties and stellar mass/metallicity. Our numerical results reproduce several main aspects of exoplanetary observations. First, we find that the occurrence rate of super-Earths $\eta_{\rm SE}$ follows an inverted V-shape in relation to stellar mass: it increases with stellar mass among lower-mass dwarfs, peaks at early-M dwarfs, and declines toward higher-mass GK stars. Second, super-Earths grow ubiquitously around stars with various metallicities, exhibiting a flat or weak $\eta_{\rm SE}$ dependence on $Z_{\star}$. Third, giant planets, in contrast, form more frequently around stars with higher-mass/metallicity. Lastly, we extend a subset of simulations to $1$ Gyr to investigate the long-term evolution of the systems' architecture. By converting our simulated systems into synthetic observations, we find that the eccentricities and inclinations of single-transit systems increase with stellar metallicity, while these dependencies in multi-planet systems remains relatively weak. The alignment between our results and observations provides key insights into the connection between planet populations and stellar properties.