标题： $f(R)$引力模型中的个体晕轮偏差 显示英文标题

标题： Individual halo bias in models of $f(R)$ gravity

摘要： 星系晕偏倚将暗物质晕空间分布的统计性质与潜在暗物质场的统计性质联系起来，为广义相对论（GR）以及诸如$f(R)$模型等修改引力场景中的聚类性质提供了见解。 虽然主要的星系晕质量相关的偏倚已经得到了详细研究，但次级偏倚，它考虑了其他内部晕属性的额外依赖性，可以作为检验超出$\Lambda$冷暗物质（CDM）模型引力的敏感探针。 为了量化$\Lambda$CDM 和$f(R)$引力模型在星系晕聚类中，包括初级和次级层面，以及宇宙网中星系晕属性分布之间的潜在偏差。 利用$N$-体模拟的$f(R)$引力模型，我们基于大尺度有效偏倚的晕逐晕估计器，评估了晕群的缩放关系及初级和次级偏倚信号。 我们的分析使用晕数密度作为自变量进行。 $f(R)$模型与$\Lambda$CDM 的有效偏差之间的相对差异对修正引力的幂指数敏感，尽管略微如此。 对于低质量晕，偏离广义相对论 (GR) 最大的情况被测量到，在固定数密度的情况下，平均偏差最多减少了 5%，而固定缩放指数也是如此。 我们还表明，一些环境属性（包括邻居统计、马赫数和局部超密度）的缩放关系在广泛的数密度范围内表现出小但不可忽略的偏离（约 3%-5%），与 GR 相比。 我们的结果还表明，片状结构和空隙中的晕属性表现出与 GR 最大的偏离（某些情况下超过 10%）。 就次级偏差而言，我们没有发现与$\Lambda$CDM 在本研究探索的任何属性上存在任何统计学上显著的偏离。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Halo bias links the statistical properties of the spatial distribution of dark matter halos to those of the underlying dark matter field, providing insights into clustering properties in both general relativity (GR) and modified-gravity scenarios such as $f(R)$ models. While the primary halo mass-dependent bias has been studied in detailed, the secondary bias, which accounts for the additional dependencies on other internal halo properties, can offer a sensitive probe for testing gravity beyond the $\Lambda$CDM model. To quantify any potential deviations between $\Lambda$CDM and $f(R)$ gravity models in halo clustering, at both the primary and secondary level, as well as in the distributions of halo properties in the cosmic web. Using $N$-body simulations of $f(R)$ gravity models, we assess the scaling relations and the primary and secondary bias signals of halo populations on the basis of a halo-by-halo estimator of large-scale effective bias. Our analysis is performed using halo number density as the independent variable. The relative difference in the effective bias between the $f(R)$ models and $\Lambda$CDM is sensitive, albeit slightly, to the power index of modified gravity. The largest deviations from GR are measured for low-mass halos, where the average bias at fixed number density decreases by up to 5\% for fixed scaling indices. We also show that the scaling relations for some environmental properties, including neighbour statistics, Mach number and local overdensity, exhibit small but non-negligible deviations (~3-5\%) from GR for a wide range of number densities. Our results also suggests that the properties of halos in sheets and voids show the largest departures from GR (> 10\% in some cases). In terms of secondary bias, we do not find any statistically significant deviations with respect to $\Lambda$CDM for any of the properties explored in this work.