标题： 弱透镜隧道空洞在模拟光锥中：一种研究修改引力和大质量中微子特征的新方法 显示英文标题

标题： Weak-lensing tunnel voids in simulated light-cones: a new pipeline to investigate modified gravity and massive neutrinos signatures

摘要： 宇宙空洞为探索修改引力（MG）模型提供了独特的机会。它们的低密度特性和广阔范围使它们对类$f(R)$的宇宙学场景特别敏感，这些场景在密集、紧凑区域中包含屏蔽机制。尤其是，空洞引起的弱透镜（WL）提供了一种直接测试MG场景的探针。 虽然传统的空洞是从三维星系位置识别的，但通过弱透镜图检测到的二维空洞追踪沿视线方向的欠密区域，并对无偏物质分布敏感。为了研究这一点，我们开发了一个高效的管道来识别和分析隧道空洞，即在弱透镜图中检测到的欠密区域，特别是在收敛信号的信噪比（SNR）中。 在这项工作中，我们使用这个管道从具有不同$f(R)$场景和大质量中微子的宇宙学模拟生成了现实的SNR图，并比较了它们对标准$\Lambda$冷暗物质（CDM）模型的影响。 利用收敛图和二维空洞目录，我们分析了各种统计量，包括概率密度函数、角功率谱和空洞大小函数。 然后，我们专注于二维空洞周围的切向剪切轮廓，展示了提议的空洞寻找算法如何最大化信号。我们表明，由于宇宙结构演化的增强，MG导致更深的空洞剪切轮廓，而大质量中微子则有相反的效果。 此外，我们发现通常应用于三维空洞密度剖面的参数函数不适合推导隧道空洞的剪切轮廓。因此，我们提出了一种新的参数公式，它能很好地拟合不同大小的空洞和宇宙学模型的剪切轮廓。 最后，我们测试了这个新公式的自由参数对宇宙学模型的敏感性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Cosmic voids offer a unique opportunity to explore modified gravity (MG) models. Their low-density nature and vast extent make them especially sensitive to cosmological scenarios of the class $f(R)$, which incorporate screening mechanisms in dense, compact regions. Weak lensing (WL) by voids, in particular, provides a direct probe for testing MG scenarios. While traditional voids are identified from 3D galaxy positions, 2D voids detected in WL maps trace underdense regions along the line of sight and are sensitive to unbiased matter distribution. To investigate this, we developed an efficient pipeline for identifying and analyzing tunnel voids, i.e., underdensities detected in WL maps, specifically in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the convergence. In this work, we used this pipeline to generate realistic SNR maps from cosmological simulations featuring different $f(R)$ scenarios and massive neutrinos, comparing their effects against the standard $\Lambda$CDM model. Using the convergence maps and the 2D void catalogs, we analyzed various statistics, including the probability density function, angular power spectrum, and void size function. We then focused on the tangential shear profile around 2D voids, demonstrating how the proposed void-finding algorithm maximizes the signal. We showed that MG leads to deeper void shear profiles due to the enhanced evolution of cosmic structures, while massive neutrinos have the opposite effect. Furthermore, we found that parametric functions typically applied to 3D void density profiles are not suitable for deriving the shear profiles of tunnel voids. We, therefore, proposed a new parametric formula that provides an excellent fit to the void shear profiles across different void sizes and cosmological models. Finally, we tested the sensitivity of the free parameters of this new formula to the cosmological model.