标题： 具有98%系统检测效率和32个光子数分辨能力的光子数分辨单光子探测器 显示英文标题

标题： Photon-number-resolving single-photon detector with a system detection efficiency of 98% and photon-number resolution of 32

摘要： 高效区分光子数是各种量子信息和量子计量应用中至关重要的技术，但也是具有挑战性的技术。 虽然超导转变边缘传感器提供了良好的光子数分辨（PNR）能力，但它们受到检测速度低、时间抖动和复杂的冷却及读出要求的限制。 在本工作中，我们提出了实现高保真度PNR单光子探测器的重要进展。 超导纳米线位于介质镜上的独特双层结构确保了接近单位的检测效率。 分段设计实现了空间复用，建立了脉冲幅度与注册光子之间的映射关系。 制造的探测器表现出令人印象深刻性能指标，包括在暗计数率为20 cps时单光子系统检测效率（SDE）约为98%，并且光子数分辨能力高达32。 通过探测器断层扫描进一步表征，显示了对于两光子、三光子和四光子事件的高保真度，分别约为87%、73%和40%。 此外，探测器在3dB-SDE下以41 MHz的高计数率运行，时间抖动低至40 ps。 凭借其接近单位的效率、高光子数分辨能力、低暗计数率和快速检测速度，我们预计这些探测器将引起广泛关注，有望为弱光检测和光学量子信息应用带来显著好处。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Efficiently distinguishing photon numbers is a crucial yet challenging technology for various quantum information and quantum metrology applications. While superconducting transition edge sensors offer good photon-number-resolving (PNR) capabilities, they are hampered by low detection speed, timing jitter, and complex cooling and readout requirements. In this work, we present a significant advancement toward achieving high-fidelity PNR single-photon detectors. The unique twin-layer configuration of superconducting nanowire atop a dielectric mirror ensures the near-unity detection efficiency. The segmented design enables spatial multiplexing, establishing a mapping relationship between pulse amplitude and registered photons. The fabricated detector exhibits impressive performance metrics, including a single-photon system detection efficiency (SDE) of ~ 98% at a dark count rate of 20 cps and photon-number resolution capability up to 32. Further characterization through detector tomography reveals high fidelities for two-, three-, and four-photon events, approximately 87%,73%, and 40% respectively. Moreover, the detector operates at a high count rate of 41 MHz at 3dB-SDE, with a low timing jitter of as low as 40 ps. With its near-unity efficiency, high photon-number resolution, low dark count rate and fast detection speed, we expect significant interest in these detectors, promising substantial benefits for weak light detection and optical quantum information applications.