标题： 利用个体差异来提升通信 显示英文标题

标题： Exploiting individual differences to bootstrap communication

摘要： 建立一个通信系统是困难的，因为信号的预期含义在首次产生时对接收者是未知的，发出信号的人也并不知道该信号将如何被解释。 大多数关于通信系统出现的理论都依赖于反馈来强化过去成功沟通的行为。 然而，提供这种反馈需要已经能够传达原本的意图或被解释的意义。 因此，这些理论无法解释如何从非交流行为中实现通信的自我启动。 在这里，我们提出一个模型，展示了如何在没有预先存在的确定沟通成功的方法的情况下，通过大规模种群中个体行为的差异，产生一个能够表达无限多意义的通信系统。 促成这一结果的两个关键认知能力是在特定情况下可预测地行为，以及在信号产生之前的心理状态的一致性，这种一致性来源于共同的意图性。 由于这两种能力可以独立于通信而存在，我们的结果与那些认为像语言这样的大型灵活的社会学习通信系统是社会认知一般但高度发展的能力产物的理论相兼容。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Establishing a communication system is hard because the intended meaning of a signal is unknown to its receiver when first produced, and the signaller also has no idea how that signal will be interpreted. Most theoretical accounts of the emergence of communication systems rely on feedback to reinforce behaviours that have led to successful communication in the past. However, providing such feedback requires already being able to communicate the meaning that was intended or interpreted. Therefore these accounts cannot explain how communication can be bootstrapped from non-communicative behaviours. Here we present a model that shows how a communication system, capable of expressing an unbounded number of meanings, can emerge as a result of individual behavioural differences in a large population without any pre-existing means to determine communicative success. The two key cognitive capabilities responsible for this outcome are behaving predictably in a given situation, and an alignment of psychological states ahead of signal production that derives from shared intentionality. Since both capabilities can exist independently of communication, our results are compatible with theories in which large flexible socially-learned communication systems like language are the product of a general but well-developed capacity for social cognition.