标题： 经济交换的认知基础：基于行为证据的模块化框架 显示英文标题

标题： The Cognitive Foundations of Economic Exchange: A Modular Framework Grounded in Behavioral Evidence

摘要： 经济行为的起源仍未解决——不仅在社会科学中，而且在人工智能领域，主流理论通常依赖于预定义的激励或制度假设。 与以物易物作为交换基础的长期神话相反，早期人类社会的证据表明，互惠——而非以物易物——是基本的经济逻辑，使社区在正式市场出现之前就能够维持交换和社会凝聚力。 然而，尽管互惠至关重要，但目前缺乏可模拟且具有认知基础的解释。 在此，我们引入了一个基于三个经验支持的认知原初机制的最小行为框架——个体识别、互惠信任和成本-收益敏感性——这些机制使代理能够参与并维持互惠交换，为可扩展的经济行为奠定基础。 这些机制促进了合作、原始经济交换和制度结构的自下而上产生。 通过结合灵长类动物学、发展心理学和经济人类学的见解，该框架为建模人类和人工系统中的信任、协调和经济行为提供了一个统一的基础。 有关该框架的交互式可视化，请参见：https://egil158.github.io/cogfoundations-econ/ 显示英文摘要

摘要： The origins of economic behavior remain unresolved-not only in the social sciences but also in AI, where dominant theories often rely on predefined incentives or institutional assumptions. Contrary to the longstanding myth of barter as the foundation of exchange, converging evidence from early human societies suggests that reciprocity-not barter-was the foundational economic logic, enabling communities to sustain exchange and social cohesion long before formal markets emerged. Yet despite its centrality, reciprocity lacks a simulateable and cognitively grounded account. Here, we introduce a minimal behavioral framework based on three empirically supported cognitive primitives-individual recognition, reciprocal credence, and cost--return sensitivity-that enable agents to participate in and sustain reciprocal exchange, laying the foundation for scalable economic behavior. These mechanisms scaffold the emergence of cooperation, proto-economic exchange, and institutional structure from the bottom up. By bridging insights from primatology, developmental psychology, and economic anthropology, this framework offers a unified substrate for modeling trust, coordination, and economic behavior in both human and artificial systems. For an interactive visualization of the framework, see: https://egil158.github.io/cogfoundations-econ/