标题： 关于高能碰撞中Born规则的测试 显示英文标题

标题： Towards a test of the Born rule in high-energy collisions

摘要： 我们考虑如何检验量子力学的基本原理之一——Born规则，对于在最短时间尺度上产生的粒子进行测试，这些粒子目前在高能对撞机中是可以达到的（$\sim10^{-25}\,\mathrm{s}$）。 我们重点关注针对自旋或极化概率的Born规则的定向测试，这些测试提供了特别清晰的实验信号，并且可以通过Bell提出的描述两态系统的简单隐变量模型来描述。 这些概率测试了量子形式主义的一个显著特征，即不同实验的期望值之间存在线性关系。 Born规则违反可以通过量子测量中自旋或极化的非线性期望值以及系综平均值中的异常来参数化，这些需要通过实验加以限制。 这里考虑的一些值得注意的实验包括顶夸克衰变中单光子的最近检测，以及τ轻子极化的间接测量。 然而，将这些实验重新用于检验Born规则会面临几个挑战，本文对此进行了讨论。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We consider how the Born rule, a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, could be tested for particles created on the shortest timescales ($\sim10^{-25}\,\mathrm{s}$) currently accessible at high-energy colliders. We focus on targeted tests of the Born rule for spin or polarisation probabilities, which offer a particularly clean experimental signal, and which can be described by a simple hidden-variables model of two-state systems proposed by Bell. These probabilities test a remarkable feature of the quantum formalism, whereby expectation values for incompatible experiments are linearly related. Born-rule violations can be parameterised by nonlinear expectation values for quantum measurements of spin or polarisation, along with anomalies in ensemble averages, which are to be constrained by experiment. Notable experiments considered here include the recent detection of single photons from top-quark decay, and the indirect measurement of tau-lepton polarisation. Repurposing these experiments as tests of the Born rule, however, presents several challenges, which are discussed in this paper.