标题： 超越时间：揭示无形的精神负担 显示英文标题

标题： Beyond Time: Unveiling the Invisible Burden of Mental Load

摘要： 本文介绍了一种新颖且可扩展的方法来衡量异性伴侣中个体对精神负荷差距的感知——即组织家庭和育儿任务所关联的认知和情感负担。利用意大利TIMES观测站的原始数据，该研究结合了时间使用日记与新的调查指标来量化认知劳动、情感疲劳以及精神负荷向职场的溢出效应。 结果显示存在系统性的性别不对称：女性比男性承担更多的组织家务责任，对这种分工的满意度更低，并经历更高的情感疲劳。 这些负担被他们的伴侣低估了。 这些影响在受过大学教育且有工作的女性中尤为显著，在带薪工作期间她们也报告称家庭责任向工作中的溢出效应比男性更大。 管理家庭活动的责任感知与夫妻间的时间使用差距关联更为紧密，而非其执行所花费的绝对时间，这突显了精神负荷的关系性和冲突性本质。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This paper introduces a novel, scalable methodology to measure individual perceptions of gaps in mental load -- the cognitive and emotional burden associated with organizing household and childcare tasks -- within heterosexual couples. Using original data from the TIMES Observatory in Italy, the study combines time-use diaries with new survey indicators to quantify cognitive labor, emotional fatigue, and the spillover of mental load into the workplace. Results reveal systematic gender asymmetries: women are significantly more likely than men to bear organizational responsibility for domestic tasks, report lower satisfaction with this division, and experience higher emotional fatigue. These burdens are underestimated by their partners. The effects are particularly pronounced among college-educated and employed women, who also report greater spillovers of family responsibilities than men during paid work hours. The perceived responsibility for managing family activities is more strongly associated with within-couple gaps in time use than with the absolute time spent on their execution, underscoring the relational and conflictual nature of mental load.