标题： 将致密双白矮星的种群综合模型与电磁观测进行比较 显示英文标题

标题： Comparing population synthesis models of compact double white dwarfs to electromagnetic observations

摘要： 背景：研究银河系中双白矮星（DWDs）的种群时发现，在引力波探测器LISA中可检测到的DWDs的数量存在超过一个数量级的差异，这取决于所使用的双星演化模型。特别是，BPASS双星合成代码预测的可检测DWDs数量比SeBa或BSE代码少20到40倍，这与质量转移和共有包层事件（CEEs）的不同处理方式有关。 目标：我们旨在通过将这些模型的预测结果与电磁观测已知的DWDs进行比较，来确定哪个模型更接近现实。 方法：我们比较了由BPASS星系模型和SeBa星系模型预测的DWDs与一个DWD目录以及由兹维基暂现设施（ZTF）观测到的DWD样本，并考虑了ZTF巡天的观测限制和偏差。 结果：我们发现，与观测结果相比，BPASS严重低估了短周期DWDs的数量至少一个数量级，而SeBa星系模型对于距离超过500 pc的DWDs与观测结果一致。 这些结果强调了LISA对DWDs的观测将为恒星演化方面提供宝贵信息，例如质量转移和CEEs，这将有助于更好地约束理论模型。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Context: Studies of the Galactic population of double white dwarfs (DWDs) that would be detectable in gravitational waves by LISA have found differences in the number of predicted detectable DWDs of more than an order of magnitude, depending on the binary stellar evolution model used. Particularly, the binary population synthesis code BPASS predicts 20 to 40 times fewer detectable DWDs than the codes SeBa or BSE, which relates to differing treatments of mass transfer and common-envelope events (CEEs). Aims: We aimed to investigate which of these models are closer to reality by comparing their predictions to the DWDs known from electromagnetic observations. Methods: We compared the DWDs predicted by a BPASS galaxy model and a SeBa galaxy model to a DWD catalogue and the sample of DWDs observed by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), taking into account the observational limits and biases of the ZTF survey. Results: We found that BPASS underpredicts the number of short-period DWDs by at least an order of magnitude compared to the observations, while the SeBa galaxy model is consistent with the observations for DWDs more distant than 500 pc. These results highlight how LISA's observations of DWDs will provide invaluable information on aspects of stellar evolution such as mass transfer and CEEs, which will allow theoretical models to be better constrained.