标题： 混合长时长氢气储存和热能储存能够在可再生能源的欧洲能源系统中实现大规模电加热 显示英文标题

标题： A mix of long-duration hydrogen and thermal storage enables large-scale electrified heating in a renewable European energy system

摘要： 基于氢的长时储能（LDES）是可再生能源系统应对季节性变化和长时间风能和太阳能供应不足的关键组成部分。 本文研究了热泵电气化供暖如何影响完全可再生的欧洲能源系统中的LDES需求，并探讨了热储能在其中扮演的角色。 利用78个气象年的大规模气象数据集，我们发现电气化供暖显著增加了LDES需求，在所有气象年中，最优平均能量容量比没有电气化供暖的情景增加了一倍多。 我们将这一增长的75%归因于杠杆效应，因为额外的电力负荷在可再生能源供应不足的时期放大了储能需求。 剩余的25%是由复合效应造成的，即极端寒冷期与可再生能源短缺期重叠。 此外，由于需求侧的天气变异性，热泵大大增加了不同气象年之间最优储能容量的变化。 连接到区域供暖网络的长时热储能可以平均减少36%的LDES需求。 为了支持和保障广泛的供暖电气化，政策制定者应加快创建适用于两种长时储能类型的适当监管框架，以降低高天气变异性下的投资风险。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Hydrogen-based long-duration electricity storage (LDES) is a key component of renewable energy systems to deal with seasonality and prolonged periods of low wind and solar energy availability. In this paper, we investigate how electrified heating with heat pumps impacts LDES requirements in a fully renewable European energy system, and which role thermal storage can play. Using a large weather dataset of 78 weather years, we find that electrified heating significantly increases LDES needs, as optimal average energy capacities more than quadruple across all weather years compared to a scenario without electrified heating. We attribute 75% of this increase to a leverage effect, as additional electric load amplifies storage needs during times of low renewable availability. The remaining 25% are the result of a compound effect, where exceptional cold spells coincide with periods of renewable scarcity. Furthermore, heat pumps increase the variance in optimal storage capacities between weather years substantially because of demand-side weather variability. Long-duration thermal storage attached to district heating networks can reduce LDES needs by on average 36%. To support and safeguard wide-spread heating electrification, policymakers should expedite the creation of adequate regulatory frameworks for both long-duration storage types to de-risk investments in light of high weather variability.