标题： 时变轻子强子模型的马克瑞安421 显示英文标题

标题： Time-Dependent Leptohadronic Modeling of Markarian 421

摘要： 由于其接近性，马克里安421是研究最广泛的喷流活动星系核之一。 其能谱分布和光变曲线被广泛研究，作为理解喷流辐射机制的主要手段。 已经发现了许多引人注目的观测结果，其中一些，例如硬X射线过量以及X射线和极高能（VHE）辐射之间的相关变化，挑战了常用的单区轻子模型。 在本工作中，通过建立一个时间依赖的轻核模型，我们探讨硬X射线过量以及X射线和VHE辐射之间的相关变化是否可以通过强子相互作用的发射来解释。 我们的建模发现，对于2013年发现的硬X射线过量，光强子和强子核相互作用的次级发射都可能是硬X射线过量的一个可能解释，而无需引入超爱丁顿喷流功率。 光强子相互作用的发射仅对硬X射线波段有贡献，而强子核相互作用还预测了与硬X射线相关的VHE发射。 而对于2016年发现的硬X射线过量，只有光强子相互作用的次级发射提供了解释，但需要引入超爱丁顿喷流功率。 对于2017年X射线和VHE辐射之间的相关变化，我们发现强子相互作用无法提供可能的解释。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Due to its proximity, Markarian 421 is one of the most extensively studied jetted active galactic nuclei. Its spectral energy distribution and light curve are widely studied, serving as primary means for understanding jet radiation mechanisms. Numerous intriguing observational results have been discovered, some of which, such as the hard X-ray excess, and the associated variability between X-ray and very-high-energy (VHE) emissions, challenge the commonly adopted one-zone leptonic model. In this work, by establishing a time-dependent leptohadronic model, we explore whether the hard X-ray excess and the associated variability between X-ray and VHE emissions could be interpreted by emission from hadronic interactions. Our modeling finds that for the hard X-ray excess found in 2013, both of the secondary emissions from photohadronic and hadronuclear interactions could be a possible explanation for the hard X-ray excess without introducing a super-Eddington jet power. The emission from the photohadronic interactions contributes only to the hard X-ray band, while the hadronuclear interactions also predict VHE emissions associated with the hard X-rays. While for the hard X-ray excess found in 2016, only the secondary emissions from photohadronic interactions provide an interpretation at the cost of introducing a super-Eddington jet power. For the associated variability between X-ray and VHE emissions in 2017, we find that hadronic interactions fail to provide a possible interpretation.