标题： 通过凌日时间变化揭示的KOI-134周围的高互倾角系统 显示英文标题

标题： A high mutual inclination system around KOI-134 revealed by transit timing variations

摘要： 很少有行星系统测量了相互倾斜度，而且更少的系统被发现是非共面的。 观测系外行星之间的引力相互作用是检测凌日行星非凌日伴星的有效工具。 这些相互作用的证据可以通过光曲线中的凌日时间变化（TTVs）和凌日持续时间变化（TDVs）表现出来。 通过分析开普勒光度数据和联合TTV-TDV建模，我们确认检测到了KOI-134 b，这是一颗轨道周期约为67天、质量和大小与木星相似的凌日行星，并发现它表现出高幅度的TTVs（约20小时）和显著的TDVs。 我们用KOI-134 b内部存在一个非凌日行星的假设来解释这些信号，该行星与KOI-134 b处于2:1共振中。 KOI-134 c的质量为$M = 0.220^{+0.010}_{-0.011} M_\text{Jup}$，与KOI-134 b的中等偏高相互倾斜度为$i_\text{mut} = 15.4_{-2.5}^{+2.8}{^\circ}$。 此外，KOI-134 b的倾斜度变化如此之大，以至于预测该行星大约在100年后将停止凌日。 这种系统结构无法被任何一种形成机制轻易解释，还需要其他动力学效应来激发行星之间的相互倾斜度，同时保持它们的共振。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Few planetary systems have measured mutual inclinations, and even less are found to be non-coplanar. Observing the gravitational interactions between exoplanets is an effective tool to detect non-transiting companions to transiting planets. Evidence of these interactions can manifest in the light curve through transit timing variations (TTVs) and transit duration variations (TDVs). Through analysis of Kepler photometry and joint TTV-TDV modeling, we confirm the detection of KOI-134 b, a transiting planet with mass and size similar to Jupiter on a period of ~67 days, and find that it exhibits high TTVs (~20-hr amplitude) and significant TDVs. We explain these signals with the presence of an innermost non-transiting planet in 2:1 resonance with KOI-134 b. KOI-134 c has a mass $M = 0.220^{+0.010}_{-0.011} M_\text{Jup}$ and a moderately-high mutual inclination with KOI-134 b of $i_\text{mut} = 15.4_{-2.5}^{+2.8}{^\circ}$. Moreover, the inclination variations of KOI-134 b are so large that the planet is predicted to stop transiting in about 100 years. This system architecture cannot be easily explained by any one formation mechanism, with other dynamical effects needed to excite the planets' mutual inclination while still preserving their resonance.