标题： 大质量相互作用双星增强恒星形成区域的反馈 显示英文标题

标题： Massive Interacting Binaries Enhance Feedback in Star-Forming Regions

摘要： 我们提出了一种新框架，用于在恒星团形成模拟中包含大量相互作用双星的反馈。 我们的新反馈模型将双星演化加入到集群形成代码Torch中，并通过AMUSE与现有的碰撞恒星动力学、磁流体力学以及机械和辐射反馈模块耦合。 我们的模型考虑了质量转移对恒星质量损失率、辐射光谱以及核心坍缩超新星时间的影响。 它还将通过非保守质量转移和公共包层抛射丢失的质量注入到星际介质中。 我们通过孤立双星在气体介质中的模拟以及大质量双星嵌入星团的模拟来展示我们反馈模型的使用。 相互作用双星的反馈有效地与周围星际介质耦合。 它增加了HII区域的大小，增加了气体的动能和热能，并且相比使用单星演化模型的HII区域内的压力更高。 这些差异来自于电离辐射，其增加了三个数量级，导致HII区域由于热压而非辐射压而膨胀。 恒星动力学和背景气体的引力势导致个别双星的演化偏离由长期演化预测的结果，影响了双星的后续反馈。 我们得出结论，大质量相互作用双星是集群形成区域的重要反馈源，在研究年轻恒星团的出现时间尺度时必须考虑这一点。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We present a new framework to incorporate feedback from massive interacting binaries in simulations of star cluster formation. Our new feedback model adds binary stellar evolution to the cluster formation code Torch, and couples it in AMUSE to the pre-existing modules for collisional stellar dynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and mechanical and radiative feedback. Our model accounts for the effects of mass transfer on the stars' mass loss rates, their radiation spectra, and the timing of core-collapse supernovae. It also injects mass lost through non-conservative mass transfer and common envelope ejection into the interstellar medium. We demonstrate the use of our feedback model through simulations of isolated binaries in a gaseous medium, and of embedded clusters of massive binaries. Feedback from interacting binaries efficiently couples with the surrounding interstellar medium. It increases the size of HII regions, increases the kinetic and thermal energy of the gas, and increases the pressure within HII regions compared to models that use single star stellar evolution. Those differences arise from the ionizing radiation, which increases by three orders of magnitude, resulting in HII regions that expand due to thermal pressure rather than radiation pressure. The effects of stellar dynamics and the gravitational potential of the background gas cause the evolution of individual binaries to deviate from the predictions made by secular evolution, impacting the subsequent feedback from the binary. We conclude that massive interacting binaries are an important source of feedback in cluster-forming regions, and must be considered when studying the emerging timescales of young star clusters.