标题： 一种对区块链三难困境的形式反驳 显示英文标题

标题： A Formal Refutation of the Blockchain Trilemma

摘要： 所谓的区块链三难困境断言，在单一区块链协议中同时实现可扩展性、安全性和去中心化是不可能的。 在本文中，我们正式反驳了这一主张。 采用谓词逻辑、形式自动机理论、计算复杂性分析以及中继拓扑的图论度量——特别是Baran的网络路径冗余模型——我们证明了三难困境构成了一种类别错误，混淆了不同的分析领域，并依赖于未经证实的因果假设。 我们进一步揭示了其对来自缺陷系统实现的组合谬误的依赖。 提出了一个建设性的反例：一种表现出无限交易吞吐量、在对抗性负载下的密码学安全性以及多路径去中心化传播的区块链协议。 这个例子并非虚构，而是基于紧凑区块中继、SPV验证和IPv6多播的协议设计。 三难困境被揭示为不是协议架构的定律，而是一种由不精确和设计失败主义维持的启发式谬误。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The so-called blockchain trilemma asserts the impossibility of simultaneously achieving scalability, security, and decentralisation within a single blockchain protocol. In this paper, we formally refute that proposition. Employing predicate logic, formal automata theory, computational complexity analysis, and graph-theoretic measures of relay topology--specifically Baran's model of network path redundancy--we demonstrate that the trilemma constitutes a category error, conflates distinct analytical domains, and relies upon unproven causal assumptions. We further expose its reliance on composition fallacies drawn from flawed system implementations. A constructive counterexample is presented: a blockchain protocol exhibiting unbounded transaction throughput, cryptographic security under adversarial load, and multipath decentralised propagation. This example is not hypothetical but grounded in protocol design enabled by compact block relay, SPV verification, and IPv6 multicast. The trilemma is revealed not as a law of protocol architecture, but as a heuristic fallacy sustained by imprecision and design defeatism.