标题： 用数据驱动发现解释海洋通量剖面中的表面层理论偏差 显示英文标题

标题： Explaining Surface Layer Theory Departures in Marine Flux Profiles with Data-Driven Discovery

摘要： 蒙宁-奥布霍夫相似性理论（MOST），这是大气边界层中几乎所有表面通量的总体估计的基础，假设风速廓线单调变化，并且动量和热量通量在垂直方向上均匀。 在这里，我们表明在沿海海洋环境中经常出现这些假设不成立的情况。 使用海岸陆气海相互作用（CLASI）项目中的空气-海相互作用桅杆（ASIS）浮标上的通量测量数据，这些浮标通常在海面以上约3米和5米处进行风速和通量测量，我们发现风速在近20%的观测中随高度增加而减小，并且在近地表处出现了显著的感热通量垂直梯度，这与MOST预测的结果相反。 这两种异常现象强烈受海岸接近程度和风向的影响，在离岸风条件下靠近海岸处出现频率最高。 这些模式是通过发现引擎（Discovery Engine）发现的，这是一个用于科学发现的通用自动化系统，它可以在没有先验假设的情况下识别数据中的复杂关系。 发现引擎揭示了导致MOST假设失效的三种不同机制：由离岸大陆流形成的内部边界层，与高波龄相关的波驱动风喷流，以及在冷海面之上的热稳定边界层，其中温暖潮湿的空气覆盖着远离海岸的较冷海水。 这些发现突显了当前通量算法的局限性，并为沿海和开阔海洋条件下的参数化改进提供了方向。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Monin--Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST), which underpins nearly all bulk estimates of surface fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer, assumes monotonic wind profiles and vertically uniform momentum and heat fluxes. Here, we show that conditions frequently arise in coastal marine settings where these assumptions do not hold. Using flux measurements from the Coastal Land-Air-Sea Interaction (CLASI) project's Air-Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoys with wind and flux measurements at typically ~3m and ~5m above the sea surface, we find that wind speed decreases with height in nearly 20% of observations, and that large vertical gradients in sensible heat flux occur near the surface, contrary to what would be predicted by MOST. Both anomalies are strongly modulated by coastal proximity and wind direction, with the highest occurrence rates near shore under offshore winds. These patterns were found using the Discovery Engine, a general-purpose automated system for scientific discovery, which identifies complex relationships in data without prior hypotheses. The Discovery Engine uncovered three distinct mechanisms responsible for breakdowns in MOST assumptions: internal boundary layers formed by offshore continental flow, wave-driven wind jets associated with high wave age, and thermally stable boundary layers over cold sea surfaces where warm, moist air overlies cooler water far from shore. These findings highlight the limitations of current flux algorithms and suggest directions for improved parameterisation in coastal and open-ocean conditions.